--- title: 'The conquering Jew' url: 'https://samisdat.in/books/the-conquering-jew-1915/read' markdown: 'https://samisdat.in/books/the-conquering-jew-1915/read.md' lang: eng date: '1915-05-15' description: 'THE CONQUERING JEW JOHN FOSTER FRASER PRINCETON · NEW JERSEY ·0@0. PRESENTED BY John Stuart Conning, D.D. DS 143 .F8 1915b Fraser, John Foster. The conquering Jew THE CONQUERING JEW By the same Author THE REAL SIBERIA PANAMA, AND WHAT IT MEANS THE AMAZING ARGENTINE THE LAND OF VEILED WOMEN AUS…' --- # THE CONQUERING JEW JOHN FOSTER FRASER ![](https://samisdat.in/user/pages/03.books/1915%20-%20The%20Conquering%20Jew%20-%20John%20F%20Fraser/read/_page_0_Picture_1.jpeg?g-16018011) PRINCETON · NEW JERSEY ·0@0. ### PRESENTED BY John Stuart Conning, D.D. DS 143 .F8 1915b Fraser, John Foster. The conquering Jew ![](https://samisdat.in/books/the-conquering-jew-1915/read/_page_2_Picture_0.jpeg) ![](https://samisdat.in/books/the-conquering-jew-1915/read/_page_3_Picture_0.jpeg) ![](https://samisdat.in/books/the-conquering-jew-1915/read/_page_4_Picture_0.jpeg) ![](https://samisdat.in/books/the-conquering-jew-1915/read/_page_5_Picture_0.jpeg) THE CONQUERING JEW ### By the same Author THE REAL SIBERIA PANAMA, AND WHAT IT MEANS THE AMAZING ARGENTINE THE LAND OF VEILED WOMEN AUSTRALIA PICTURES FROM THE BALKANS RED RUSSIA CANADA AS IT IS Cassell & Co., Ltd., London New York, Toronto and Melbourne # THE CONQUERING JEW # JOHN FOSTER FRASER ![](https://samisdat.in/books/the-conquering-jew-1915/read/_page_8_Picture_2.jpeg) CASSELL AND COMPANY, LTD London, New York, Toronto and Melbourne First published in 1915 ### CONTENTS | CHA | PTER | | | | | | | | PAGE | |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | 1. | A R | EVIEW | • | • | • | • | • | • | 1 | | 2. | ТнЕ | GENIUS | OF TH | E JE | w | • | • | • | 26 | | 3. | WHA | T THE J | EWS H | IAVE | Done | • | | • | 52 | | 4. | THE | JEW IN | AMER | ICA | • | • | • | • | 64 | | 5. | Амен | RICAN JE | EWS A | ND TI | HEIR | Occui | PATIO | NS | 93 | | 6. | THE | JEW IN | GREA' | T BRI | TAIN | • | • | • | 114 | | 7. | THE | Jews in | THE | BRIT | ISH D | OMINI | ONS | • | 140 | | 8. | THE | Jews in | GER | MANY | AND | Aust | RIA | • | 156 | | 9. | How | THE JE | w Sta | NDS | in Fi | RANCE | • | • | 173 | | 10. | Russ | IAN AND | Poli | sн **Ј** 1 | EWS | • | • | • | 193 | | 11. | THE | Jews of | Sou | THERN | EUI | ROPE | • | • | 219 | | 12. | THE | Jews in | LESS | ER L | ANDS | • | • | • | 235 | | 13. | THE | Jews of | THE | EAST | • | • | • | • | 249 | | 14. | THE | Jew in | THE | Worl | D OF | ART | • | • | 277 | | 15. | THE | SUMMING | UP | • | • | • | • | • | 290 | | | INDE | x . | • | • | • | • | | | 296 | ![](https://samisdat.in/books/the-conquering-jew-1915/read/_page_11_Picture_0.jpeg) # THE CONQUERING JEW ### CHAPTER I ### A REVIEW IT is well if at the outset I make clear that these pages are not written from a pro-Semite or anti-Semite point of view. Many books have been published about the Jews; but the majority are marred by over-enthusiasm or violence of opinion, and lack the judicial spirit which is necessary in contemplating a phenomenon which is also a problem. To be quite frank, this little volume is the consequence of an accident. For a good many years now it has been my custom to visit different parts of the world to study and write upon the development, chiefly economic, of various countries. And wherever I have gone I have found the Jew a principal factor. Whether it be on the bourses of the European financial centres, or in the business of Broadway, or in the wheat markets of Russia or Argentina, or in the trade of Africa, north and south, there the Jew has always been prominent, quietly but restlessly obtaining grip of the commerce. In a vague way, like everybody else, I was conscious that the Jew was "getting hold of everything," and I was perfectly aware that though personally the Jew was esteemed by those amongst whom he worked, there was an underlying dislike, which some people think is racial, but which is really economic. As a mere matter of personal interest, I began to make casual inquiry how far the Jew was really "getting hold of everything." I soon found I was delving in a field of startling facts. And when I accumulated my facts I was led, very naturally, into an inquiry of the why. And this book is the outcome. It is written, so far as I know how, from an unbiased standpoint. Perhaps for that reason it will be disappointing to many readers: to the Jews themselves, always a sensitive people, because they will think justice is not done to them, and they will even resent some of my conclusions; whilst others who have come into contact with Jews in commercial But the Jew of to-day is what the world has made him. That is a fact which the critical Gentile knows, but is inclined to forget. It is a platitude that this age is the heir of all the ages. More than any other people on earth the modern Jews are the children of the ages. Therefore it is without prejudice and without enthusiasm—though frequently with much wonder, which often merges into unstinted admiration—that I have studied the reasons this little race, belonging to the Semite family, has attained the position it holds to-day and endeavoured to find out what is going to be the future of the Jewish people. Mark the contrasts. Though belonging to an ancient Orientalism, the Jews are amongst the most modern of races. They are exploiters of other people, and they are exploited. They have amongst them many of the richest men in the world, as undoubtedly they have millions of the poorest. They reach the extremes in generosity and meanness. They are grossly materialistic, and yet have taught the world much in idealism. There are more men of genius among a million Jews than among a million Gentiles, but also there are more idiots. the first and merging into the second generation; for it is mainly to the East End of London that Jewish immigrants from Russia go. The point I am making is, that the Jew, when he is in a minority and mixes with an alien people, begins to drop the characteristics of his own people, and adopts, generally unconsciously, but sometimes deliberately, the characteristics of the folk amongst whom he has pitched his tent. We know of the tendency in modern Judaism to abandon the names of lineage, to become passive toward, if not to forsake, the old religion. We are conscious that the well-to-do Jew does not send his children to a Jewish school. In many of the capitals of the world the Jews eat forbidden foods; they keep no fast days; they sell on Saturdays—only the poor are orthodox! Slowly, but increasingly, there is inter-marriage between Jews and Gentiles. There were never so many Jews in the world as to-day, and yet it is to-day that the question is being asked whether the structure of Judaism is not going to crumble, and whether, within a few generations, the Jews, as a people apart, will not disappear and be absorbed by other races. In Russia, where full liberty has been refused the Jews, the traditions of Judaism are held most precious. Wherever the Jews are admitted to the freedom of nations the inclination is to break from the faith. An acquaintance with history shows us that so long as the Jew was oppressed he gripped close to the religion of his stock. Wherever he has been given equality he has slackened in faith and, except in race, is often as the Gentile. In western Europe and in America the Jews are becoming denationalised. An attempt has been made to stem the tide by making accommodation with the twentieth century, by becoming up to date, by revising the Prayer Book, by using English instead of Hebrew, by having a sermon in English, even by the introduction of an organ. Of the 12,000,000 Jews in the world it may be said that half the number—6,000,000—are poor, prolific, and staunch to their traditions. You will find them mostly in Russia and eastern Europe. There are 3,000,000 Jews in America and Great Britain, and these may be described as half-way Jews; they are within the faith and occasionally go to the synagogue. Yet there are 2,000,000 Jews who acknowledge their race, but little more. There are 1,000,000 who are frankly agnostic. I use round figures, whilst per- fectly aware of the manifold exceptions, but fully convinced that my figures explain the grouping in masses. ![](https://samisdat.in/user/pages/03.books/1915%20-%20The%20Conquering%20Jew%20-%20John%20F%20Fraser/read/_page_19_Picture_0.jpeg?g-16018011) re were probabl nere were was not nd yet to e were no vs. The co medanism like. Tha pure Spaniards , except tna d therefore there were ![](https://samisdat.in/user/pages/03.books/1915%20-%20The%20Conquering%20Jew%20-%20John%20F%20Fraser/read/_page_20_Picture_0.jpeg?g-16018011) ![](https://samisdat.in/user/pages/03.books/1915%20-%20The%20Conquering%20Jew%20-%20John%20F%20Fraser/read/_page_21_Picture_0.jpeg?g-16018011) ![](https://samisdat.in/user/pages/03.books/1915%20-%20The%20Conquering%20Jew%20-%20John%20F%20Fraser/read/_page_21_Picture_1.jpeg?g-16018011) Asia has a little over 400,000, Africa 300,000, Australia 20,000, Great Britain 250,000, France 100,000, Germany 600,000, Italy 35,000, Rumania 266,000, Austria 1,225,000, Netherlands 104,000, Canada 60,000, Argentina 40,000, Brazil 3,000. As part of the Asiatic total there are 180,000 in India, and as part of the African total there are 150,000 in Morocco. Palestine has 85,000. Wherever you go—China, Norway, South Africa, the West Indies—you meet the Jews. Considering the world's population of 1,600,000,000, the total number of Jews is insignificant, but their influence in the affairs of the world is colossal. The capacity of the Jew for business success need not be argued. If one would find broad and well-defined causes, it would have to be written that he is more materialistic than other men: he has a tremendous will power, and his tenacity is unflinching. Though always an adroit bargainer and money-maker, it is to be noted that not until comparatively recent times has the Jewish race produced men of intellect. The reason put forward is, that when the Jew was kept to his purely Talmudic culture, he made no intellectual progress whatever. It was only when he began to free himself from his old laws, to learn beneath the tree of modern knowledge, that he produced men of intellectual qualities. In the whole range of the arts, as well as in law and literature, the number of Jews is out of proportion to their number in the general population. In Great Britain there are a quarter of a million of Jews in a general population of 46,000,000—say one-half per cent. of the whole. Yet of the men who achieve distinction in England six per cent. are Jews. speaking, Jews are engaged in occupations more open to the practice of deception than are the mass of Christians. Again, when the Jew is a criminal his offence is usually fraud, whilst the Christian commits more crimes of violence. This does not mean that all Jews are fraudulently disposed; it merely offers further evidence in support of the statements just made concerning hereditary traits and the opportunities for fraud presented by the businesses in which Jews are engaged. The cruelty of the Middle Ages intensified the sharpness and resourcefulness of the Jew. In olden days he had little opening in finance except to lend money to the Christian, and he was hated because he wanted his money back with a percentage—just as he is hated to-day in Russia by the improvident Russian, who flies to him for aid and then denounces him when he demands repayment. To-day, the Jew is the capitalist who often supplies the means to establish Christian manufacturers. Remember that all modern commercial enterprise, represented by joint stock banks, trusts, syndicates, stock exchange speculation, even the great department stores, were originated by Jews. Nowhere is competition so keen as in the United States. Yet it is in the United States that the Jews The Conquesied Low | Ame | ricans would do | well to realise | wha | |---|---|---|---| | they ow | e to the Jews. | The first two vo | vage | | of Colu | mbus were fin | anced through | loan | | obtained | from the Jew | s. Jews certain | y ac | | compani | ed the great na | avigator, and th | ere i | | ground | for believing it | was a Jew, Lu | iis d | | Torres, | who was the | first European t | o se | | foot on | American soil. | Columbus had J | ewis | | blood in | him; his m | nother, Susanna | Fon | | terosa, | was of Jewish | descent. The | firs | | traders | in America mo | ost undoubtedly | wer | | Spanish | Jews. They s | scattered through | n th | | west ir | dies; they sta | rted the sugar | naus | | try, and | re in the hand | s of the Tows | lanta Regi | | was cor | mercially onen | ed in in 1642 | by by | | colony o | of 600 Dutch J | fews. The found | lation | | of Calif | ornia was chief | fly effected by | Jews | | Other pe | cople went to se | ttle in the New | World | | for land | . The Jews w | vent for trade. | The | | were co | mparatively fer | w in number a | t th | | start; k | out they had a | monopoly of the | com | | merce. | Wherever there | were agriculture | ıl set | | tlements | , there were th | ne Jews attendi | ng to | | the trad | e. When the | United States we | ent to | | war wit | h Great Britai | in and secured | inde | | pendenc | e, it was the | Jews wno raise | 1 th | | The | amazina inares | se of Tawish imp | niene | | Inc | amazing mereas | or or ocwisii lilli | mgra | | | | | | ![](https://samisdat.in/user/pages/03.books/1915%20-%20The%20Conquering%20Jew%20-%20John%20F%20Fraser/read/_page_28_Picture_0.jpeg?g-16018011) ![](https://samisdat.in/user/pages/03.books/1915%20-%20The%20Conquering%20Jew%20-%20John%20F%20Fraser/read/_page_29_Picture_0.jpeg?g-16018011) ![](https://samisdat.in/user/pages/03.books/1915%20-%20The%20Conquering%20Jew%20-%20John%20F%20Fraser/read/_page_30_Picture_0.jpeg?g-16018011) dish as their mother tongue, though the move is towards a decrease, because liberty makes the younger generations take up the language of the country of their adoption. The Jews of the Near East of Europe have a jargon called Spaniolisch, a relic of the time their ancestors were in Spain. Roughly, there are 2,500,000 Jews settled in English-speaking countries. About half of these may be said to speak English as their mother tongue. Indeed, the whole trend of the youthful Jews is to despise the Yiddish of their parents and to speak English amongst themselves as well as in conversation with Gentiles. But at this day, when Jewish influence in the world was never so great, the Jew is in a state of transition, abandoning his racial customs, paying the scantiest attention to Hebraic literature, intermarrying, with the consequence there are Jews, careful students of their own people, who believe that as a distinct people they will disappear within the next two centuries. No other race has so kept together during 3,000 years, but this has been more due to the oppression of their enemies than to kinship amongst themselves. During the long and harsh centuries of their ill-treatment they were bound together by exterior causes. They found mental refuge in tradition and in Talmudic literature. As the door has been opened to them they have turned from their own traditions and toward Western culture. The "sour grape" theory is one that all mankind is disposed to adopt, however unconsciously. So, up to the eighteenth century, when the Jews were despised and excluded, the Jews retaliated by despising secular knowledge; indeed, their elders prohibited it: all necessary knowledge was in the Talmud. Sometimes I read of the red-letter day in the history of this wandering nation, when the portals of the European universities were opened to the Jews. In one sense, true. It was, however, the beginning of the end of the Jews as a separate and individual people. Think of what it all meant to rabbinical learning. If we bring ourselves to realise the pain which would come to the hearts of the most honoured leaders in Christian thought on feeling that the new generation of clergymen and ministers were deliberately turning toward agnosticism, we will have some conception of the terror with which the old rabbis, soaked in the Talmud, saw orthodoxy threatened; how parents mourned when their sons were contemptuous toward what they Jews, with a startling avidity for learning, came under the influence of Western universities. Till then, the old-fashioned Jews kept to the practices of the fourteenth century in medicine and law. The modern Jew must live in the latest day of the twentieth century. His skill in medicine, his range in law, are world - acknowledged. The young Jew who is a professional man has been de-Judaised. His thoughts are on another plane from that of his progenitors. All this has been gradual, like the rising of a tide, but certain and unstemmable. Few things are more pathetic—Zangwill shows something of it in his play, The Melting Pot—than the difficulty of the old Jew, with the cloak of his faith still about him, to get a glimmer of understanding of the mind of his son who joys in emancipated ideas. In parts of Europe, especially where for centuries there have been large populations of Jews, the old people cling tenderly, tearfully, to the customs of their fathers. Mournfully they watch the slow breakdown of the Jewish Sabbath, and what hurts most is the open ridicule of their children of the ancient customs, the dietary laws, the special garb, the special prayers. The young folk, eager for modern education, look upon all these as antiquated. They have a craving for modern intellectualism, modern science, and shrink from being thought to belong to the old time. So frequently, when the young Jew goes to a country where freedom awaits him, he not only leaves the old land, but the old faith, and he forsakes the old name. Notwithstanding the enormous increase of Jewry during the last hundred years, the birth-rate is beginning to decrease. A century ago Jewish parents had an average of from four to six children. Now the average is falling to from two to three. One cause is the later age of marriage; Jews are behind Christians in the marriage age. Thus we see there is an increase of population when they are poor and kept together; but when they spread and are rich fewer children are born. Prosperity, therefore, will also contribute to the undoing of the race. The decreasing birth rate, however, is partly compensated for by the low death rate. Care of the children means that few die young—and there are no more attentive mothers than Jewish women. There is no drunkenness amongst Jews; great care is taken of the mother for months before the child is born; proper nourishment is always Then there is the matter of intermarriage—extremely rare until comparatively recent times. Social and religious differences kept the people apart; in some countries there was legal prohibition. Mixed marriages, however, are now on the increase. It should be marked there is a greater tendency toward Christian men marrying the Jewish women than for the Jewish men to marry Christian ### CHAPTER II ### THE GENIUS OF THE JEW Though Jews are amongst the richest men in the world, we may as well dismiss the idea that all Jews are rich. If their dozen millions were reckoned as a nation and the total wealth was averaged it could be written that they are a poor people. Immense hordes of them, congested in Eastern Europe, are in a kind of chrysalis of poverty. Once they get free of their shell, get into the sunlight of liberty, they immediately begin to expand with the radiance of success. It is easy to point to poverty-racked Ghettoes in America and England, but the inhabitants are usually new arrivals. But there is no handing on of impoverished conditions from father to son, from generation to generation, which is a characteristic of certain strata of Western people. Take the English agricultural labourer: not well paid, a shrewd, capable fellow, though a slow thinker, as is natural with a man who lives in intimate association with Nature, Those who are closely acquainted with Jews must have noticed a certain dislike—and the Jew is not shy—to the prominence which they have in the public eye. They are eager At best, I imagine the social relation between Jew and Gentile to be that of two neighbours each standing on his own plot with a fence between them. They may talk to one another across the fence; they may shake hands, smoke a pipe and what not, but the fence will always be there." That is perfectly true so long as the races are pure Jew and pure Gentile; there are most definite racial peculiarities. But statistics of intermarriage show that the fence is being broken down and the Gentiles are all the better for the Judaic leaven. The genius of the Jew, by contact and by assimilation, is of the most tremendous force in the modern system of trade. The Jew is in the melting-pot. He is being disintegrated. His qualities are not being lost, but disseminated. That is the great race phenomenon in operation before our eyes. As the restrictions are removed from the Jews, as the whole world is opened to them, as they loom large in achievement, the more they accomplish, the more they depart from the true spirit of Judaism. But as a race, their pertinacity is so strong that although the individualism of the Jew may go, the genius, the things that count, the clear vision, the swift decision, the doggedness to secure what is desired, remain. In what goes to make It is not the story which the Jew has to tell. By legislation, by brute force, by the strength of soldiery, he has been cowed, kept under, permitted no outlet, compelled, as in the Russian pales, to depend on his own race, and wretched and toilsome has been his travel through the centuries. All that time he has been a town dweller, concerned in affairs of cities, harassed, robbed, resorting to subterfuge to outwit the grinding designs of his oppressors, and ever with his mind aflame, watching, scheming, passing through the harshest school to learn financial and commercial competence. He is not a "sport" in the trading world, as his Gentile competitor usually is; he is part of a plant with definite characteristics. All this has to be reckoned when we consider how the Jews are active in the marts of the world, altogether out of proportion to their place amongst the populations of the world. Though facts will compel me to dwell on the part Jews play in finance, it is not in that field alone they have distinguished themselves. We find them to the front in intellectual movements, politics, science, arts. With brilliant exceptions—Benjamin Disraeli, for example they have generally been concerned in antiroyalist and revolutionary movements, with advantage to their own race at the back of their minds. There is not a European Government that has not, at times, had distinguished Jews in its Cabinet. Jews have given the world famous literary men. Amongst musicians they have long been to the front, and even Wagner is now known to have been a Jew. In the journalistic world they are prominent; indeed, few things are more remarkable than the way Jews control the Press in London, New York, Paris, Berlin, Vienna, and elsewhere. In theatre management and among playwrights Jewry is prominent. In art dealing the Jews are masters. In scientific laboratories their number is amazingly large, both as teachers and students. So in considering the Jew we must wander far beyond the Stock Exchange. Some writers, Jews themselves, are wonted to be rhapsodical about the future. As today they outnumber the Jews "of the days of the Kings" almost threefold, that there are now twelve millions of them after nearly three thousand years of persecution, is regarded as an index that in the dim future, on the basis of present statistics, "they will number at least as many millions as do the most enlightened Gentile people of to-day." That would be true were the Jews to remain a compact people; but that, notwithstanding the current belief that they are cohesive, is just what the mass of Jews in the most enlightened scholastic competition. Although they may rarely win a prize in our inter-collegiate tests, they are, on every field in Europe, amongst the swiftest runners in the race for classic honours. I have heard Germans urge this intellectual precocity of the Jews as a reason for debarring their children from the schools and colleges attended by other children. The struggle, they said, between the sons of the North, the pale Germans, with their blond hair and sluggish intellects, and these sons of the Orient, with their black eyes and alert minds, is an unequal one." We can all agree with Leroy-Beaulieu that, as compared with the Jews, we are young, we are new-comers. In the matter of civilisation they are far ahead of us. It was in vain that we locked them up for several hundred years behind the walls of the Ghetto. No sooner were their prison gates unbarred than they easily caught us, even on those paths which we had opened up without their aid. The moral acclimatisation of the Jew is accomplished with wonderful rapidity. He is able to adapt himself to any environment. Leroy-Beaulieu adds: "There is in every Jew a secret power of metamorphosis which has often amazed me. The ease with which he transforms himself borders on the miraculous. The Jewish mind is lucid, distinct, clear, accurate. From a long line of forefathers engrossed in barter, traffic, calculation, figuring, the Jew has received his mental habit of taking nothing at its face value. The Jewish merchant is not easily taken in by words or good appearances. Leroy-Beaulieu rightly says: "There can be no doubt that the Jews, the so-called Semites, have given proportionately more men of talent to our Aryan civilisation than the so-called Aryans themselves. . . The chance of discovering a distinguished man, a scholar, or artist, among a thousand Western Jews is three or four times as good as among a thousand Englishmen, French, or Germans." ![](https://samisdat.in/user/pages/03.books/1915%20-%20The%20Conquering%20Jew%20-%20John%20F%20Fraser/read/_page_49_Picture_0.jpeg?g-16018011) physics with Jews, as with others, is an offshoot of theology. Altogether, Mr. Jacobs shows the productions of Jewish intellect are abstract, the result doubtless of their long life in cities and exclusion from Nature on the one hand, and from the education which lies in handicrafts on the other hand. This leads us to expect great mathematicians and philosophers from them, but not great inventors, biologists, or painters, till they have to throw off the effects of their is rightly proud of what he has be world. As Mr. Madison Peters , after 3,300 years, still form ne civilised world's jurisprudence ![](https://samisdat.in/user/pages/03.books/1915%20-%20The%20Conquering%20Jew%20-%20John%20F%20Fraser/read/_page_50_Picture_0.jpeg?g-16018011) ![](https://samisdat.in/user/pages/03.books/1915%20-%20The%20Conquering%20Jew%20-%20John%20F%20Fraser/read/_page_51_Picture_0.jpeg?g-16018011) desert. To change the simile, the Jew jumped ahead like a dog freed from the leash. The startling progress of the Jews frightened the Germans, and gradually anti-Semite prejudice arose. Had that not taken place, I believe the Jew in Germany would have been quickly amalgamated with the Gentile. But the resistance drove him back upon his old faith, and the antagonism long retarded the assimilation which is now in progress. Nowhere in the world do you find Todaises In the United States the Jew has the same rights and privileges as any other citizen, but the prejudice against him is universal and strong. He is doing his utmost to break it down, and it is the minority of American Jews who have any wish to maintain a distinction. Mr. Ezra Bruno has divided the Jews in the United States into three denominations:— - (1) Orthodox, representing Judaism unpurified. - (2) Conservative, representing purified Judaism without faith. (3) Radical, representing neither faith nor Judaism—an inference verging on agnosticism. As Mr. Bruno says, the modern "temple" in the United States is a lecture hall, with no logical right to be classified amongst the faiths, and the services are chiefly of a vaude-ville kind. The average American Jew is always trying to get away from his descent, and would, no doubt, change his nose to an American model if he could. The American Jew, least of his race, displays any pride in his faith or ancestry. It is because he belongs to no special country that the Jew so "shakes down" to the conditions of any country in which he settles. His vitality is enormous, but is quickly dissipated, not lost, under free conditions. It is when he is driven back, in a way that would subdue the spirit of any other people, that he shows his recuperative powers. Though the Jew is accepted with a friendly tolerance in England—there is no anti-Semitic feeling in Great Britain—I am sure the restless Eastern European Jew, when thinking of flying West, invariably has his eyes on America. He has heard so much of America as the land of liberty. And Judaism is quite in harmony with the spirit of Ameri- canism. Because of the personal habits of the ignorant immigrants, but chiefly for economic reasons, the white-skinned American has a feeling of repulsion from the Jew. Yet the Jewish ideals, I maintain, are American ideals. The Americans get their ideals more from the Jews than from their Saxon forbears, as they would find out if they ceased to accept current jargon and traced realities back to origins. In their ideal, the Jews have a sound democracy; their ethics are an example to the world; they are virtuous, frugal, temperate; they love their homes, and are the best of parents. That they often fall short of their ideals is correct, but the same can be said of every nation. All writers who have studied the question agree that if the Jews remained cohesive their force in the world would vastly increase. I do not, however, go so far as Messrs. Russell and Lewis, who, in their interesting little volume of essays on the Jew in London, say that if the race becomes absorbed into and merged in the general population of the countries where it dwells, its influence will be only such as that which the infusion at one time of Franco-Norman, or at a much later time, and to a smaller extent, of French Huguenot blood, had upon the population of England, the influence of a new and vigorous strain which, notable for two or three generations, presently passes away and is forgotten. The writers of these essays agree in thinking that the essential feature of modern Israel is to be found, not in its blood, but in its religion, and that its continuance as a nationality will depend on whether or not it clings to its religion. That is the one thing which really marks it off. "Strongly marked as the race is, it will dissolve like a lump of salt in water unless it clings to its religion, and the very fact that it has been better received and better treated in England than anywhere else in the Europe of to-day, exposes it to a more severe strain than it has had to experience before." The Jew is more prone to hazard than the Christian. Business of a shrewd and cautious character, "bulling" and "bearing" on the Stock Exchange, money-lending, the getting of something for nothing, appeals to him. Whether it be the Jew in the tenderloin district of New York, in the Ghettoes of Eastern Europe, or in the mellahs of Asiatic Jewry, he avoids, as far as possible, earning his living by manual labour, and always schemes for increment. Jews are always patrons of gambling dens. I remember reading in Mr. Charles Booth's great work on life and labour in London, of his finding a little Jewish boy in a very poor district playing pitch and toss all by himself, studying the laws of chance in this humble fashion. Although the love of games of chance is inherent in the Jewish nature, it is certainly not because the Jew lacks acumen and farsightedness. The skill of Jews as chess-players is known by the world. Three out of four of the great chess-players are Jews. Chess is an Oriental game; so it may be in the blood. A combination of science and invention is required in the chess-player, and the Jew has the qualities which are necessary to excel. Further, the Jew specially is characterised by an extraordinary ambition, which influences all his actions and differentiates him—more particularly in the lower and working classes—from the Gentile. He will avoid, wherever possible, and with apparent personal loss, the position of an employee. I say apparent, because his mind is always in the future, and he is usually intelligent enough to accept a temporary loss for the sake of future gain. But all the time we know the Jew is unpopular. The causes are display, ostentation, love of luxury, desire to get the best for his money, wonderful success in all circumstances, aloofness and suspicion of the Gentile, his absolute sobriety, reluctance to join trade unions, a tendency to work entirely "on his own," chiefly and generally displacement of the Gentile in nearly every case where the Jew enters into competition with him. population of Whitechapel is Hebrew; in Stepney, most of the people are Jews. The late Canon Barnett, who spent his life in the East End, wrote:— disinclined to rouse animosity by openly punishing his enemy." The Jew is ever striving, striving, to rise to a higher social station. The Jewish workman will starve himself so that his children be well-fed, be well-clad, and have a superior education, and in my investigations in schools I have never ceased to be surprised at the quickness of Jewish children compared with their Gentile companions. that it is quite legitimate to outwit the other man on the ground that he is endeavouring to outwit you. And yet this is not a Jewish peculiarity; it is one of the recognised rules of the game in modern finance—though it may have been learnt from the Jew. Further, whilst in business Gentile relatives often clash, Jewish relatives have a great confidence in each other, and that is a valuable asset in partnership. The solidarity of the Rothschild family is the most outstanding case. The agility and receptivity of the young Jewish mind leads to the Jew being brilliantly successful in examinations; he gathers prizes with ease. The Jew, in all his relations with the outer world, suppresses sentiment and curbs emotion; sound common sense is the root element of Jewish psychology. His versatility is the outcome of the many rôles his people have had to play in their chequered career. The one new quality—a flower that has bloomed only since emancipation came to him—is humour. Some of our most humorous writers are Jews. The best satires on Jews are prepared by Jews. Most of the comedy writers of Europe are of Jewish blood. The fact that Jews control the theatres may have something to do with it, but this alone cannot account for so many staged plays being from the pens of Jews. Jewry emerged from the hazy past a tribe superior to its neighbours. A belief in their mission, together with a lofty idealism, never forsook them through twenty centuries. Their initial superiority soon found expression in trade, and at the beginning of the Christian era they were the principal merchants in the north African littoral. In their subsequent struggle for existence, borne with fortitude, their capabilities were accentuated. They were down-trodden, but they never lost their pride. Their religion provided them with an abiding hope. But Jewish genius fulfils the well-known tag about taking pains. Perseverance is their most valuable possession. A plodding steadfastness of purpose, relentless pursuit of a desired object, has really been the mainspring in conquering the world. ### CHAPTER III ### WHAT THE JEWS HAVE DONE THE gregariousness of the Jews has done much to give them a prominence in the world far ahead of what their proportionate numbers would explain. By race they are Asiatic, yet only 8 per cent. of the Jews to-day live in Asia. There are four times as many Jews in the United States as there are in all Asia. The British Isles were the first real refuge of the Jews, and harbour a quarter of a million, about ½ per cent. of the inhabitants; but the United States has eight times the Jewish population that Great Britain has, representing rather more than 2 per cent. of the inhabitants. Seventy-five per cent. of the American Jewish population has arrived within the last generation. Over 17 per cent. of all the Jews in the world now live in America. Nearly a quarter of the world's Jews live in English-speaking countries. The Jew concentrates on those parts of the globe where there is social and industrial activity. Of the English Jews—all told, fewer than those in the Polish city of Warsaw—more than half live in London, and half of the remainder are to be found in Manchester, Leeds, and Liverpool. Of the 75,000 Jews in Canada nearly half are concentrated in the commercial city of Montreal. Of the thriving community of 50,000 in South Africa, Johannesburg and Cape Town are responsible for a third. There are seventy-eight towns in the world with a population of more than 10,000 Jews, and the town must be very large that has a minimum of 10,000 Jews. It is within bounds, therefore, to say that ten of the twelve million Jews in the world are to be met with in great cities. The immediate conclusion is that Jews flock to trading centres. But there are other reasons. It is laid down by their religion that the sacred functions of public worship must be performed in the presence of ten males above the age of thirteen. That has some influence on creating Jewish communities. Sometimes wonder is expressed why Jews get possession of certain trades and leave others alone. For instance, the Jews control the fruit and tobacco businesses. Strict Jews do no business on the Saturday; therefore a Jewish ironmonger, if he closed his shop on The movement of precious metals throughout the world is under the influence of Jews. It is rightly said that no big war can be waged except by the financial assistance of the Jews. No national or international loan can be floated if the Jews care to act together and stop it. To a considerable extent the rate of exchange between countries is regulated by them. Though the New York Stock Exchange has Jewish members, only a little more than Amongst European banks and firms run by Jewish capital and controlled by Jews are the Dresdner Bank, and the Handels-Gesellschaft, the Crédit Mobilier of Paris, Bischoffsheim, and Goldschmidt. The greatest bullion brokers in London are Jews. In the United States, Amongst architects there are many Jews; but the name of George Basevi, who designed the Fitzwilliam Museum at Cambridge, stands out. It was Professor Morris Loeb who founded the Association of Harvard Chemists and became director of the chemical laboratory at the University of New York. Pro- ### What the Jews have Done won the Derby, "the blue ribbon of the turf." In Freemasonry the symbolism is peculiarly Jewish. In both America and England there are a number of lodges formed exclusively of Jews. Whilst there is only one Grand Lodge in England—high office, up to Grand Senior Warden, has been held by Jews—each State in America has its own Grand Lodge, and eighteen of these have been presided over by Jewish Grand Masters. In providing popular restaurants, pleasant, often cheap dinners, with music, the Jew has accomplished wonders in all the capitals of the world. If sometimes we complain of the decay of home life and the growth of "the restaurant habit," it is the enterprise and competition of the Jew which have made restaurants attractive—he brought imagination to play in the surroundings of the culinary department. The working classes are indebted to the Jew for cheap clothing. Formerly the not-so-well-to-do had to wear the cast-offs of their better-to-do neighbours, second-hand clothing. Nobody denounced the Jew sweater in the tailoring business more than the Gentile working-man, though probably he would not have been able to have bought the cheap new suit he is now wearing if it had not been for the sweater. took up a line requiring more thought. It may be mentioned that the Argentine wheat trade is controlled by four Jewish firms. Jews have held the highest offices in public life. Disraeli, as Prime Minister of England, is an outstanding figure. Of the Lord Mayors of London, five have been Jews. Jews play an important part in the municipal government of England. In England, indeed, you find Jews in the Privy Council, in the House of 63 Lords, in the House of Commons, on the bench of the High Court. The chief protagonists of Continental Socialism were Jews—Karl Marx and Ferdinand Lassalle. In every European legislature the Jew is to the front. Notwithstanding American prejudice a number of Jews have been elected to the legislatures of the State and Federal Governments. ### CHAPTER IV ### THE JEW IN AMERICA When the Jew is charged with being an interloper in America he can reply to the Saxon that he was in America first. Columbus was partly a Jew. The great voyage of Columbus would have been impossible without Jewish help; it was Louis de Santangel who advanced money for the expedition. The story about Queen Isabella selling her jewels was a later invention. A number of Jews accompanied Columbus—I have recorded the story of a Jewish foot being the first to land on San Salvador—but there is positive evidence that the first man who started American trade was Gabriel Sanchez, a Spanish Jew, who got permission from King Ferdinand to sell cattle and grain to the Indians. Here is a coincidence. The Jews were expelled from Spain on August 2nd, 1492. It was the next day that Columbus sailed west to the land which may become the principal home of the Jews in the world. He took with him astronomical charts and nautical instru- ments which had been made by Jews. The man who discovered tobacco was a Jew-Luis de Torres. We sometimes reckon the real history of America from the arrival of the Mayflower. In strict fact the Jews had developed the American sugar industry long before anyone who sailed in the Mayflower was thought of. That was the beginning. To-day every fourth person in Manhattan is a Jew! What will be the end? Jews were on both sides; for many Jews remembered they had grown wealthy under British rule. On the other hand, Colonel Solomon Bush fought under Washington, and Hyam Solomon gave his whole fortune to assist America. At that time there would not be more than 4,000 Jews in the country, mostly well-to-do traders. I do not think that persecution drove them or their fathers across the Atlantic. America was not such a land of liberty. Indeed, in some States, just as in England at that time, Jews were debarred from holding public office. In the Civil War there were over 7,000 Jews in the two armies. To-day the American Jew, to the number of over 2,000,000, is right in the centre of the picture. He has had to fight hard for a place, and he has won. The Jewish invasion has frightened many Americans, until there has grown a considerable body of opinion in favour of closing the gates of Ellis Island to the shoals of immigrants that yearly seek asylum in the United States. In a later chapter I will describe the part the Jew is playing in the financial and commercial activities of modern America. At this point I want to deal with the Jew himself —what is happening to him as a consequence of an environment dramatically dissimilar from that of his people in other parts of the earth. I know Jewish Russia and I know Jewish America. Without elaborating the point, the conditions of life are as the Poles asunder. In broad outline the Russian Jew is the same as the Russian Jew of the last generation. But transfer him across the Atlantic, and, except in facial type—and that is softening—he is like a man of another breed—taller, with different ambitions, and in the vast majority of cases with a quite different outlook on life. The past is dead; he would bury it; his gaze is on the future. But it is a mistake to think the Jew lands in America blithe of heart and full of hope. You have only to see a crowd of Jewish immigrants, to be struck with their misery. Do not put all that down to the oppression to which they have been subjected elsewhere. They have passed under the harrow; but the old land is that of their birth, where they have left their kin, and the new world, with its new language, is strange and incomprehensible. They are an impressionable and emotional people, and there surges up in their breasts a great home-sickness. The youngsters, with the adaptability of youth, soon shake that off; but with their elders—though prosperity may come—it frequently abides throughout their lives. To the devout, orthodox Jew nothing is more pathetic than the way the hustling, go-ahead young American Jew sneers at the "back numbers" amongst his own race, becomes Mr. Lewis instead of Mr. Levi, or Mr. Cowan instead of Mr. Cohen, and has no reverence for the God of Israel. Hebrew becomes a dead language. The young Jew laughs when it is thought he still abhors ham. ![](https://samisdat.in/user/pages/03.books/1915%20-%20The%20Conquering%20Jew%20-%20John%20F%20Fraser/read/_page_79_Picture_0.jpeg?g-16018011) ![](https://samisdat.in/user/pages/03.books/1915%20-%20The%20Conquering%20Jew%20-%20John%20F%20Fraser/read/_page_80_Picture_0.jpeg?g-16018011) ![](https://samisdat.in/books/the-conquering-jew-1915/read/_page_80_Picture_1.jpeg) ![](https://samisdat.in/books/the-conquering-jew-1915/read/_page_80_Picture_2.jpeg) ![](https://samisdat.in/books/the-conquering-jew-1915/read/_page_80_Picture_3.jpeg) ![](https://samisdat.in/books/the-conquering-jew-1915/read/_page_80_Picture_4.jpeg) ![](https://samisdat.in/books/the-conquering-jew-1915/read/_page_80_Picture_5.jpeg) ![](https://samisdat.in/books/the-conquering-jew-1915/read/_page_80_Picture_6.jpeg) ![](https://samisdat.in/books/the-conquering-jew-1915/read/_page_80_Picture_7.jpeg) ![](https://samisdat.in/books/the-conquering-jew-1915/read/_page_80_Picture_8.jpeg) ![](https://samisdat.in/books/the-conquering-jew-1915/read/_page_80_Picture_9.jpeg) ![](https://samisdat.in/books/the-conquering-jew-1915/read/_page_80_Picture_10.jpeg) ![](https://samisdat.in/books/the-conquering-jew-1915/read/_page_80_Picture_11.jpeg) ![](https://samisdat.in/books/the-conquering-jew-1915/read/_page_80_Picture_12.jpeg) ![](https://samisdat.in/books/the-conquering-jew-1915/read/_page_80_Picture_13.jpeg) ![](https://samisdat.in/books/the-conquering-jew-1915/read/_page_80_Picture_14.jpeg) ![](https://samisdat.in/books/the-conquering-jew-1915/read/_page_80_Picture_15.jpeg) ![](https://samisdat.in/books/the-conquering-jew-1915/read/_page_80_Picture_16.jpeg) ![](https://samisdat.in/books/the-conquering-jew-1915/read/_page_80_Picture_17.jpeg) ![](https://samisdat.in/books/the-conquering-jew-1915/read/_page_80_Picture_18.jpeg) ![](https://samisdat.in/books/the-conquering-jew-1915/read/_page_80_Picture_19.jpeg) ![](https://samisdat.in/books/the-conquering-jew-1915/read/_page_80_Picture_20.jpeg) ![](https://samisdat.in/books/the-conquering-jew-1915/read/_page_80_Picture_21.jpeg) ![](https://samisdat.in/books/the-conquering-jew-1915/read/_page_80_Picture_22.jpeg) ![](https://samisdat.in/books/the-conquering-jew-1915/read/_page_80_Picture_23.jpeg) ![](https://samisdat.in/books/the-conquering-jew-1915/read/_page_80_Picture_24.jpeg) ![](https://samisdat.in/books/the-conquering-jew-1915/read/_page_80_Picture_25.jpeg) ![](https://samisdat.in/books/the-conquering-jew-1915/read/_page_80_Picture_26.jpeg) ![](https://samisdat.in/books/the-conquering-jew-1915/read/_page_80_Picture_27.jpeg) ![](https://samisdat.in/books/the-conquering-jew-1915/read/_page_80_Picture_28.jpeg) ![](https://samisdat.in/user/pages/03.books/1915%20-%20The%20Conquering%20Jew%20-%20John%20F%20Fraser/read/_page_81_Picture_0.jpeg?g-16018011) from tradition; he will intermarry with a Christian, not because she is a Christian, but because she is the woman he loves; he does not bother his head a little bit about Zionism; he does not care whether the Hebrew faith continues or dies; he is an American who happens to come from Jewish stock. The old Jew thought everything should be subordinate to the faith. The Jew I am describing, though neutral towards the faith, has modern ideals, and all his ambitions are distinct from any association with Judaism, and when he has a triumph he may be proud it was achieved by a Jew—but the pride comes after he has the triumph as a man, as an American, and that it was secured by a Jew is an afterthought. The American Jew is of higher stature than the average Jew in the European country from which his father came. Though there is a disposition towards sterility in intermarriage—generally ascribed to the two bloods being antagonistic, though I suspect artificial causes are the reason, as it is not the poorer classes who intermarry—the marriage rate amongst pure Jews in America is much higher than amongst those of Saxon and Teutonic, or even Latin blood; and fertility amongst American Jews, especially amongst sort of puzzle of the sieve, perplexing, tantalising, heartbreaking, and, in its futility—Jewish." The death-rate of the Jews is little more than half the average in America. Though I have accentuated the inclination of the American Jew to forget there is such a place as a synagogue, I know I can be directed to the three thousand congregations in the United States, increasing in proportionate numbers far more than any other denomination. This is explained by the neverceasing Jewish immigration; but it is not so long ago since the American Hebrew said it could be shown that this increase of congregations does not at all equal the increase in Jewish population from immigration. Most of these congregations are composed of fresh arrivals or Jews of the first American generation. Now, it is quite true, as Mr. Ezra Brudno has said, that conspicuousness has ever been the great misfortune of Israel. The tiniest speck on the Jew shows as distinctly as a large blot on other people. Everything the Jew does or abstains from doing is carefully noted by his Gentile neighbours. Perhaps this showiness is due to a characteristic trait of the Jew, or perhaps it is the fault of the insidious outlook of his neighbour. The fact remains that the Jew is always in sight. During the last score of years, emigration to America has been abundant from all European countries, from Germany, from Italy, from Hungary, from Roumania, from Russia. Still, comparatively small as is the number of Russian immigrants, the Russian Jew has become conspicuous. The flood of Germans, Poles, and Italians is mentioned only as a matter of record; but the Russian Jew is pointed out apprehensively, almost alarmingly: "Let us deal wisely with them, lest they multiply." The questions have to be faced: Is there cause for grave apprehension? Are the Russian refugees a menace? Are they inferior to other immigrants? It is fair to hear what the Jew himself says on the subject. I go to Mr. Ezra Brudno again: "The immigration of German Jews dates back more than half a century. They, like the present refugees, fled from their native land, not so much because of their inability to gain a livelihood as from inhuman persecution. Massacres were no more rare in Germany then than at present in the Tsar's domain, and on their arrival here they took up peddling and engaged in business similar to that of a Russian immigrant. History repeats itself. Portuguese slow progress in art or letters. It is almost a reflection upon the German Jews in the United States that during a century they have not produced a single man of letters or artist of note. Even their rabbis are mostly Austrian, Bohemian, Polish, or Russian." See how these Jews hate one another! During the last quarter of a century hundreds of thousands of Russian Jews have landed in America. Mr. Brudno shouts: "Their drunkenness; he is not a murderer or a burglar; his crimes are limited to "cunning, if you will." But I think we have to look deeper than even economic competition to find the reason for the anti-Jewish sentiment. Those of us who are egotistical enough to believe we are broad-minded, very likely have streaks of prejudice in our nature of which we are unaware, and which we would deny if suggested by others. So, just as tradition often hangs around the Jew, though he believes he is far away from it, there exists in the American mind, however free from racial resentment, a subconsciousness that the best of the Jews are crafty and covetous. Craftiness in the Jew has been cultivated by Christian treatment. It is easy to point to trickery and dishonest Jews, but in doing so we lay ourselves open to tu quoque. Every country, said a great German statesman, has the Jews it deserves. Dishonest Jews have never had the esteem of other Jews. Superficial causes are factors which determine us in most things, and in these can be found the cause of American dislike for the Jews. The German Jew, with his podginess, his waddle and hooked nose, is the butt of the comic press. The Russian Jew, with his whipped-dog look and his cringing obsequiousness, arouses more contempt than pity. Jew mannerisms, his guttural pronunciation, his awful English, make one alternately laugh and feel indignant. Other races have these oddities, and though not so emphasised as in the case of the Jew, they do not stir the same feeling. Let us admit that the great majority of Jews in America—and, all things considered, it would be strange if it were not so—are wanting in manners and are deficient in good taste, disabilities which bar social communion with Americans of their own class—though precisely the same accusation can be heard in European society against Americans. Just as Americans snort wrathfully when Europeans presume to say they are ill-bred, the Jew feels bitter on being informed by an American that he has no manners. Do not let us forget the description of the old lady who said that "vulgarity is what other people are guilty of." Jews are usually poor when they arrive in the United States; the acquisition of wealth improves their material position, but gives no culture to their minds; their money, and the security it gives, makes them self-assertive. It is my good fortune to know Jews who are not to be surpassed by any people in what is generally called "gentlemanly conduct." But as, by accepted standards, the new rich Jew is frequently a buy-you-up vulgarian, we can understand why many hotels are closed to him. The cultured Jew could do much to remedy this, not by denouncing the hotels, but by getting his brethren to cease the cause of the closed doors. Because Jewish parvenus arouse objection, it is the duty of the Gentile to be careful not to accuse all Jews of vulgarity, because Hermann Struck, the noted Jewish artist, interviewed by the *Jewish Chronicle* (London) on his impressions of America, considers social ostracism there worse than in Russia. "Where own interest as a defence against its enemies." These are serious and significant words. The Spanish and Portuguese, the most "aristocratic" intermixture in America, at first held themselves aloof; but as the Germans came in greater numbers and made success commercially, they were obliged to mingle with their humbler brethren. They have given the much-needed element of culture to the German Jews. At present, as I have pointed out, the German Jew shows much of the aloofness and hauteur to the Russian Jew that he, in his turn, received from the Spanish and Portuguese Jew. It is merely a question of top dog. But the Russian possesses a "strength of intellect and a reserve of knowledge which will outshine and outstrip the accomplishments of the German," said Mr. C. S. Bernheimer. The American Jews support all their own charities. In New York alone they have nine hospitals, twelve old folks' homes and retreats, and fifteen orphan asylums. There are six hundred institutions for unfortunate Jews throughout the United States. Politicians of every grade have arisen amongst the Jews. They make great sacrifices to provide education for their children, though at some colleges a dead set is made against them and Dr. Magnes, in a sermon in reply to an article in *McClure's Magazine*, complained of the way in which Jews are exploited by politicians, magazine writers, and sensa- tional preachers. "If a magazine editor wants to sell magazines, he either praises the Jews unduly, or insults their good name. If a political party wants to make capital, it does not scruple to use slanderous matter concerning the Jews, and after spreading these stories, winds up with fulsome praise of the Jews' good qualities. We are regarded by every doctrinaire as so much bacteria, on which all sorts of experiments can be made. What we Jews demand of the people round us is, that we be allowed to work out our own salvation." A Jewish woman, Miss Lillian Wald, started one of the most important developments of the modern educational system—the work done by nurses in the public schools. In 1902 she obtained the consent of the Boards of Health to begin the experiment with one of her Settlement nurses. To-day there are 140 school nurses in New York, in what is called the Department of Child Hygiene, and the movement has spread to many American cities. She was also one of the first to help in pointing out the evils of child labour, and to assert that there should be laws to keep children from working. are twenty-four Jews in Congress. Jews have represented the United States in the diplomatic and consular service in Turkey, Bucharest, Egypt, Tunis, and elsewhere. The most remarkable thing about the connection of Jews with Freemasonry in America is that during 1906-7 five Jews were at one time at the head of as many State Grand Lodges. The introduction of opera into the United States was largely due to the instrumentality of the Jews. Up and down, appreciated and reviled, accepted, rejected, and yet advancing like a mighty flood—that is the story of Judæa in America. At the present rate of progress, by 1930 there will be 7,000,000 Jews in the United States. Not Palestine, but America seems to be the Promised Land, with New York as the New Jerusalem. Jews are part and parcel of American life to an extent little realised by Americans themselves. A magazine writer notes, "A New York citizen living in a handsome residence designed by Arnold Brunner, may lay down the latest novel by Abraham Cohan, go to the 'phone, improved by Emil Berliner, and inform his partner that theatre tickets have been procured for David Warfield's new play under the management of David Belasco; after which he will return to his chair and read the *Times* until his wife returns from Altman's, without realising that he has been in any way indebted to the Jews." changed from his fathers, so his sons will change from him. It sickens the heart of the jealous Jew when he thinks his people will be merged in the American people. The elders wrap their phylacteries round them and moan. But a new Jew does not wear a phylactery. He fraternises amongst Christians when he has the opportunity. He intermarries. Social ostracism will disappear. The day will come when his descendants will forget their Jewish origin. The old men will cry, "Woe, woe!" But America will be all the better for the influx of Jewish blood. ### CHAPTER V ### AMERICAN JEWS AND THEIR OCCUPATIONS OF the 2,000,000 Jews in the United States, half are to be found in New York. New York is the largest Jewish city in the world. The range of the children of Abraham stretches from the sweated new arrival to the opulent banker. American commerce would be thrown out of gear if the Jew suddenly ceased activity. There is not a business, a trade, or a profession which is not influenced by the Jews. New York is a Jewish world unto itself, for here are to be found all types of Jews, all phases of Jewish thought. Whilst New York has its million, Chicago has 100,000, Philadelphia the same number; 75,000 are in Boston, 50,000 in St. Louis—wherever there is money-making there is the Jew. ner Sombart, has calculated that in a hundred years the United States will have a majority of Slavs, Jews, and negroes in its population. Already the Jews have the practical monopoly in some trades, and are swiftly invading others. As tailors, shirt-makers, cloak-makers, furriers, and allied trades, they have everything in their own hands. They are skilled in furniture making and in house decoration. They are expert in what may be called the gentler manufactures, jewellers, watch-makers, producers of electrical appliances. They are prominent in all professions, education, medicine, the arts. They conduct huge department stores. As middlemen their competition is so keen that it is hoped the consumer gets an advantage. You find them busy on the stock and cotton exchanges. They have a grip on the real estate business. Whilst in other countries the Jew is often a moneylender—indeed, in Europe it is rare to find a moneylender who is not a Jew—moneylending is not a characteristic of the Jew in America. Indeed, it may be said that the American Jew is a borrower, always keen to get the loan of money with which to extend the area of his business. We occasionally use the phrase, "Rich as a Jew." Lumping all the Jews in America # American Jews and Occupations 95 together, they are not rich as a class. The influx of practically destitute aliens keeps down the average. Generally speaking, the Jew is rather shy of having to do with anything which suggests a trust. He likes to be a banker or a lawyer or a dealer in clothing, jewellery, or cigars. He is a petty storekeeper; but amongst his people you find a Siegel, a Straus, and a Bloomingdale. Among the beef kings are Sulzberger, Nelson Morris, and Schwarzchild. Jews are pawnbrokers, but they are also financiers, like Speyer, Seligman, Loeb, and Schiff. There are five Guttenheims amongst the smelters of Colorado. Twenty-five per cent. of the silversmiths of America are Jews. The Jew does not often grow cotton, and he is not in textile manufactures; but in the clothing business he sweeps the field. In tailoring, boot and shoe making, and fur preparing the Jews—roughly $2\\frac{1}{4}$ per cent. of the population—have 45 per cent. of the business; but though the Jews do not grow cotton they take a big hand in controlling the cotton market. The Jew, therefore, is in almost everything. It has been said the Jews somewhat resemble a department store: you ask what you want and they give it you. Amongst ![](https://samisdat.in/user/pages/03.books/1915%20-%20The%20Conquering%20Jew%20-%20John%20F%20Fraser/read/_page_107_Picture_0.jpeg?g-16018011) ![](https://samisdat.in/user/pages/03.books/1915%20-%20The%20Conquering%20Jew%20-%20John%20F%20Fraser/read/_page_108_Picture_0.jpeg?g-16018011) ![](https://samisdat.in/user/pages/03.books/1915%20-%20The%20Conquering%20Jew%20-%20John%20F%20Fraser/read/_page_109_Picture_0.jpeg?g-16018011) # American Jews and Occupations 101 south. There is no anti-Jewish feeling. Six Galveston institutions have Jews at their head. The Universities have Jewish professors. The Jews hold high rank as Freemasons, and those that are clubable are welcomed in the clubs. Indeed, I could make a grand tour of the whole of the United States, and it is doubtful if there would be a single place where the Jews were not "making good." who have such a prominent place in the scholastic profession as the Jews. # American Jews and Occupations 103 Only a few years ago a considerable number of these present-day millionaire proprietors were carrying packs on their backs or trundling push-carts. And they are large holders, not only in the East Side tenement district, but in all parts of the city, including the high-class business and residential sections. The chances are, says Mr. Hendrick, if you wish to lease an apartment in almost any part of New York to-day, that you will pay your rent to a Jewish landlord. There is not the slightest doubt that in a few years the Jews will own the larger part of Manhattan Island, the richest parcel of real estate in the world. Apparently, huge capital is required to operate in property. The Jewish new-comer has not the means, but he scrapes and economises until he has a small bundle of dollars. Then he leases a wretched tenement dwelling, lives himself in the worst rooms, lets the others, makes a profit, and then proceeds to a bigger enterprise in leasing. At the end of a few years he can purchase a tenement house, though he will burden it with mortgages. With struggling and squeezing he will become complete owner. In Europe, as I have said, the Jew is a lender; in America he is a borrower. Most of the rich present-day Jews of the United States have built their fortune on # American Jews and Occupations 105 judicious borrowing, but always shrewdly seeing the way to return the money with a considerable margin for themselves. By foresight, or out of the shrewdest speculation, the Jews are becoming the principal owners of New York City. One half of the students in Columbia University and three-quarters of the undergraduates in the College of the City of New York are Jews. These young fellows are invading the Civil Service; they are elbowing the American-German-Irish competitors on one side. They win the prizes fairly in examination, for they easily out-distance the Gentiles in knowledge. Mr. Hendrick says they have already obtained absolute control of certain city departments. They fill nearly all medical and laboratory offices, in which New York employs a fair-sized army. They have captured a great majority of the engineering jobs. They hold most of the minor legal positions. They are the city's searchers, process-servers, and law examiners. Most of the municipal office-boys are youngsters from the East Side; the stenographers and type-writers are nearly all Jewish girls; the book-keepers and holders of minor clerical positions are nearly all Jews. The great department stores, such as we know them to-day, have grown out of Jewish brains. The names of Straus, Altman, Stern, Bloomingdale, Siegel, Greenhut, tell the story of the amazing stores in the great cities, most of which have, within the last generation, sprung from the humblest of beginnings. The Jews are masters of the whisky trade in America. Eighty per cent. of the members of the National Liquor Dealers' Association are Jews. It has been shown that 60 per cent. # American Jews and Occupations 109 of the business of distilling and wholesale trade in whisky is in the hands of the Jews. As middlemen they control the wine product of California. Jews visit the tobacco-growing States, buy up nearly all the leaf tobacco, so that the great tobacco companies have to buy the raw product from them. The Jews have a grip of the cigar trade. The American Tobacco Company manufactures about 15 per cent. of the cigars smoked in the United States. The Jews provide the rest. It will be seen that the Jew lays his hands on those businesses which require the smallest outlay at the start. The mighty concerns, which fulfil orders from the Atlantic to the Pacific, mostly began with peddling from door to door. Many of the greatest American banking houses were established by Jews. The railroad field in America, extending from the Mississippi River to the Pacific coast, and south from the Missouri River to the Mexican line, is now largely dominated by the Jews, chiefly the firm of Kuhn, Loeb and Co. Mr. Hendrick reports that among other properties the influence of this firm extends to the Illinois Central. This Jewish house is also the largest single power in the Baltimore and Ohio. It is also influential in the Southern Pacific. It is by no means without power in the great railroad system built up by Commodore Vanderbilt—the New York Central. A year or two ago the whole Gould system escaped, at the eleventh hour, from falling into the hands of Kuhn, Loeb and Co., and George Gould rescued himself only by appealing for help to another Jewish banking house, that of Speyer and Co. Had the United States Supreme Court not interfered, there is every likelihood that the same combination would have taken over the larger part of the railroad mileage of the country. The amusement of America is almost completely in the hands of the Jews—at least 90 per cent. of the operatic, theatrical, vaudeville, and kinema entertainments are provided by the Jews. They enter the business, not because they are actors who have become managers but because there is money in it. There are half a dozen big theatrical firms whose controllers are all millionaires. There is one firm, the Schuberts, who own, lease, or control nearly twenty theatres in New York, and outside have an interest in quite eighty more. There are Jews who have done excellently on the artistic side of the stage; but this counts for nothing compared with the complete triumph of the Jew on the managerial side. Men like Charles and Daniel # American Jews and Occupations 111 Below the hill on which stand the Jews who have become dazzlingly wealthy by operating in so many phases of American life are two million other Jews, nearly all animated with the same ambition and spurred by the same desire of success. It is the lamp which ![](https://samisdat.in/user/pages/03.books/1915%20-%20The%20Conquering%20Jew%20-%20John%20F%20Fraser/read/_page_123_Picture_0.jpeg?g-16018011) ![](https://samisdat.in/user/pages/03.books/1915%20-%20The%20Conquering%20Jew%20-%20John%20F%20Fraser/read/_page_124_Picture_0.jpeg?g-16018011) ![](https://samisdat.in/user/pages/03.books/1915%20-%20The%20Conquering%20Jew%20-%20John%20F%20Fraser/read/_page_125_Picture_0.jpeg?g-16018011) Justice of England is a Jew. There are Jewish members of the Government. There are Jews in the House of Lords and in the House of Commons. The late King Edward rather went out of his way to show his friendship for the Jews. They are good citizens, are liberal supporters of national charities, maintain their own poor. It might be possible, as I have previously suggested, to raise a Jew hunt in the Eastend of London, not from any dislike of the Jews as such, but because they are new-comers, who in the struggle for existence undersell the British working man, and, by overcrowding certain districts, compel the Londoner to live some distance from his employment. This is where the personal element comes in. But the British working man, in the mass, has no antipathy to the Jew. He recognises his qualities and concedes that if he cannot get a living in another country he is entitled to make an endeavour in England. From high finance to street peddling the Jew is markedly in evidence in London. There are all sorts, from the waddling, hooknosed, guttural victims of the sweating shop to the tall, well-made, cultured gentleman whom you cannot distinguish from an Englishman. There is no resentment against the London, including its far-flung suburbs, has a population of nearly 10,000,000. But though there is a sprinkling of Jews everywhere, the majority congregate in particular areas—the Whitechapel region when they are poor, the Maida Vale and Hampstead areas when things are prospering with them, and the immediate neighbourhood of Park Lane when they are abundantly affluent. London is so enormous that there are hundreds of # The Jew in Great Britain 117 thousands of folk who have never been in particular districts; indeed, would have some trouble in telling whereabout they lay. On the Jewish Sabbath most of the Jewish shops are closed. On Saturday night, when the Jewish Sabbath is over, the main streets are thronged with people speaking no English. There is something pathetic about the weak-framed, pale-faced old Jew, often in an anti- ![](https://samisdat.in/user/pages/03.books/1915%20-%20The%20Conquering%20Jew%20-%20John%20F%20Fraser/read/_page_129_Picture_0.jpeg?g-16018011) ![](https://samisdat.in/user/pages/03.books/1915%20-%20The%20Conquering%20Jew%20-%20John%20F%20Fraser/read/_page_130_Picture_0.jpeg?g-16018011) ![](https://samisdat.in/user/pages/03.books/1915%20-%20The%20Conquering%20Jew%20-%20John%20F%20Fraser/read/_page_130_Picture_23.jpeg?g-16018011) ![](https://samisdat.in/user/pages/03.books/1915%20-%20The%20Conquering%20Jew%20-%20John%20F%20Fraser/read/_page_130_Picture_32.jpeg?g-16018011) ![](https://samisdat.in/user/pages/03.books/1915%20-%20The%20Conquering%20Jew%20-%20John%20F%20Fraser/read/_page_131_Picture_0.jpeg?g-16018011) way the Jews reduce the wages of an industry to the starvation line. There is a good deal of truth in that, but we must be on our guard against exaggeration. We recognise that in cheap tailoring, cheap cabinet-making, cheap shoemaking, and the manufacture of cheap cigars, the Jew has chiefly created a business rather than filched it from somebody else. Therefore the Jew in his competition grinds the Jew much more than he does the Christian. It would appear that "rapid production through minute subdivision of labour forms rather a stage in the evolution of employments to which Jews naturally gravitate than an evil of their creation." In the cap trade Jewish women are engaged, though there are also some Gentile women. With few exceptions the Jews have the fur trade in the City as well as in the East End. The cheapest kind of umbrellas are made by Jewesses. The poor sort of "sew round" shoes and slippers are made by Jews under wretched conditions—in Spitalfields, Bethnal Green, Whitechapel—often huddled together in foul, underground rooms. Carpet slippers are the product of Jew operatives. An increasing number of Jews are in the the East End furniture trade. The majority are cabinet-makers; some are carvers and upholsterers; a few are chair-makers and polishers. Some of the most advertised firms are Jews. Male cigarette makers in London are foreigners, and most are Jews. All these employees are at the lowest end of the Jewish scale. We have to go to the Rothschilds and other Jewish bankers to find the other end. It has been said that the Russian or Polish Jew represents the concentrated essence of Jewish virtue and Jewish vice, for he has, in his individual experience, epitomised the history of his race in the Christian world. Every Jewish lad who lands from Libau in the London docks has the mechanical faculties of the intellect; his powers of reasoning and calculating have been cultivated. So there has come into the labour market a race of workers to contest matters with those who in the main are content to be manual labourers. Where quickness and endurance rather than skill and strength are needed, the Jew is more than a match for the Christian worker. And always he has his eye on the goal of financial achievement; he does not understand what is meant by being content with a competence. When you find his competitors complaining of his methods it is because, being an Oriental and out to win, he is not always loyal, and integrity is not one of his virtues. The there was established the Four Per Cent. Industrial Dwellings Co.; the object was to provide the industrial classes with maximum of accommodation at a minimum rent, compatible with paying 4 per cent. on paid-up capital. The chairman of directors is Lord Rothschild. That the rise of house rent in the district inhabited by Jewish immigrants has resulted in the crowding out of the native residents is demonstrated statistically. The apparent predilection of the Jewish immigrants for the congested districts, despite higher rents and poor accommodation, has been a riddle to the sociologist and a problem for the philanthropist. But let us travel westwards in London. Many of the chief bankers are Jews. The Rothschilds have the premier position. Messrs. Stern and Co. are a very old-established firm of bankers and financiers. Recently Lord Michelham—then the head of Stern and Co.—seceded from the parent firm, taking Colonel Hunziger into partnership, and started under the title of Herbert Stern and Co., Cornhill. Messrs. Sassoon and Co. are leading merchants and bankers. There are so many Jews on the Stock Exchange that it is sometimes referred to as the high temple of Judea. In politics, law, theatrical management, journalism, the ### The Jew in Great Britain 125 Jew occupies a position altogether out of proportion to his numbers. Leeds has a large tailoring interest with a Jewish Master Tailors' Trade Association. The Jews number about 20,000 out of 428,953; the third largest Jewish community in the United Kingdom. About 1,800 belong to the Amalgamated Jewish Tailors, Machinists, and \* See chapter on "The Jew in the World of Art" (p. 277). In Leicester the well-known clothing firm of Hart and Levy are Jews. In Manchester Jews live in one quarter, and are largely engaged in the cotton trade with the East and the North coast of Africa. In both Birmingham and Bristol Jews are to be found in the coat-making industries. In Dublin the Jewish population, about 2,700, includes a number of cultured Jews who have taken highest distinctions at Trinity College. ![](https://samisdat.in/user/pages/03.books/1915%20-%20The%20Conquering%20Jew%20-%20John%20F%20Fraser/read/_page_139_Picture_0.jpeg?g-16018011) ![](https://samisdat.in/user/pages/03.books/1915%20-%20The%20Conquering%20Jew%20-%20John%20F%20Fraser/read/_page_140_Picture_0.jpeg?g-16018011) ![](https://samisdat.in/books/the-conquering-jew-1915/read/_page_140_Picture_36.jpeg) ![](https://samisdat.in/user/pages/03.books/1915%20-%20The%20Conquering%20Jew%20-%20John%20F%20Fraser/read/_page_141_Picture_0.jpeg?g-16018011) were received by the Board for the relief of sufferers from the disease. Suggestions were devised for the improvement in the dwellings of Jewish poor, and it was noted that the congestion of Jews in certain districts was beginning to be relieved by their distribution outside the so-called Jewish quarter, and on these lines of watchful care ### The Jew in Great Britain 135 a nursing staff at her own expense till 1906, when she procured additional resources, and who has efficiently conducted this department herself. Alderman (afterwards Sir) David Salomons, M.P. (one of the first Jewish M.P.'s), Mr. Sampson Samuel, Lord Rothschild, and others assisted in these efforts. Except for concessions in regard to "kosher" diet in workhouses, and the admission of separate utensils for cooking the kosher meat, which the Guardians undertook to purchase, the result of years of efforts of the Jewish Board of Guardians to secure for the Jews a share in the benefits of the poor rates to which they contributed is not very noticeable, and it would seem that the Jews in England must themselves mainly bear the burden of Jewish refugees from the Continent. Constant watchfulness is used by the Board over all legislative proposals likely to affect the Jewish poor. According to Mr. Joseph Jacobs, it appears that of all marriages between English Jews $7\\frac{1}{2}$ per cent. are between first cousins—a proportion five times as great as that of other inhabitants of London. The assertion is often made, and as often denied, that Jews suffer more from deaf-mutism, idiocy, etc., than other people owing to the frequency of consanguineous marriages. Mr. Jacobs proves that many marriages which seem to be between cousins—the name being the same—are really not so; the fact of the name being the same # The Jew in Great Britain 137 Jews. He states it is the fashion among English Jews to remedy this paucity of surnames by adopting others of similar initial, e.g. Montmorency for Moses. Doubtless consanguineous marriages are more frequent among Jews in England than on the Continent. Mr. Jacobs says: "Probably 7½ per cent., and certainly 6 per cent., of all marriages between native English Jews are between first cousins; and nearly one-tenth of all English Jews are the offspring of consanguineous marriages." Cambridge and Oxford have both Hebrew congregations and synagogues. Jewish life at the Universities reveals nothing of the Ghetto. Jewish students do not form an isolated community; they are not restricted to one House or College, but are scattered all over the University. As it is by its social life—for which Oxford and Cambridge are admittedly unique—that the schoolboy may be turned into a man of culture, it will be seen how advantageous this is for the Jew, who has been for so long restricted within narrow grooves. There is always the danger of his being drawn away from his faith. At Cambridge Jewish religious services are held regularly, for the most part by students themselves, for there is no regular minister. At Oxford, on the other hand, there is practically no Jewish life. When a general meeting of the congregation is called, often only two members respond. ## The Jew in Great Britain 139 General, and became Lord Chief Justice. Mr. Herbert Samuel became President of the Local Government Board. Mr. Montagu became Secretary to the Treasury. Several professing Jews have been raised to the peerage; several have been sworn of the Privy Council; and a number created baronets. The Council of India and the higher branches of the Civil Service at home and in India have their Jewish members. Sir Matthew Nathan has been entrusted with two Colonial Governorships. ### CHAPTER VII ### THE JEWS IN THE BRITISH DOMINIONS In every part of the British Dominions the Jews have full citizenship. The Colonies gave them emancipation earlier than the Mother Country; indeed, since 1832 Jews have been able to sit in the Canadian Parliament. From the first Jews received equality in Australia. The outrages on the Jews in eastern Europe, from 1881 onwards, caused an influx into Canada of Russian, Rumanian, Galician, and other Jewish immigrants who not only swelled the communities already established, but formed new settlements throughout the Dominion. Agricultural colonies were established at Assiniboia, Hirsch, Oxbow, Wapella, and elsewhere, mainly through the generosity of Baron Hirsch, who also largely subsidised them. A Jewish minister who recently visited these settlements speaks hopefully of their future. He says there are about 130,000 acres in process of cultivation under the direct supervision of the Jewish Colonisation # Jews in the British Dominions 141 Association, and having a population of close upon 3,500. In his opinion, the Jewish immigrant cannot fail to succeed if he will only work at first under an experienced farmer and familiarise himself with the conditions in the country. On the whole, the Jews in Canada are fairly prosperous. Some are making money and working up for themselves positions of importance. Besides the leading cities already mentioned, there are Jews in Berlin (Ontario), # Jews in the British Dominions 143 Belleville, Brantford, Calgary (Alberta), Chatham (New Brunswick), London, Magnetowan (Ontario), Ottawa, Quebec, Regina (Saskatchewan), St. Catherine's, St. John, Sydney, Sherbrooke, Vancouver, Woodstock, Salt River (New Brunswick), Yarmouth, and Yorktown. The Jew is swiftly increasing his influence in Canada. marked during the last five years that very soon it will be the third largest community in the Commonwealth. When gold was first discovered at Coolgardie, in 1896, there was such an influx of Jews that their numbers and means together permitted the building of a synagogue; but subsequently the community thinned down so that it found itself unable to continue paying the debt on the building, which has now been sold to a Masonic body. In all the leading cities the Jews are taking a prominent part in civic life. Jews have been mayors of nearly all the capital cities, and many of them occupy the important position of magistrate. In Victoria two leading industries, coal and the cultivation of beet for the production of spirits and sugar, owe much of their development to the untiring efforts of a prominent Hebrew of that State. A relative of the Montefiore family played a prominent part in the foundation of the State of South Australia, and also served in the Legislative Assembly. The Adelaide Chamber of Commerce has been presided over by a member of the race. A Jew of this State had the distinction of being Premier for a short period. Melbourne has a Jewish paper, as # Jews in the British Dominions 145 has also Sydney. The towns of Karridale and Boyanup, in Western Australia, owe their existence to the enterprise and energy of a Jewish lumber merchant. Generally speaking, the Jewish population of the Commonwealth consists mostly of immigrants. It is found that 79.7 per cent. of all the Jews in New South Wales live in the city of Sydney; 60 per cent. of all the Jews in South Australia live in Adelaide; and 57.5 per cent. of the Jews in Queensland live in Brisbane. About 1870, when gold was discovered in the Otago district, the Jews made their appearance in New Zealand. Although this initial immigration has never been very largely followed up, the early settlers of the race have been powerful in helping to shape the destiny of the islands. Many of them have presided over Chamber of Commerce meetings; and it was principally due to the vigorous policy of public works followed by a prominent Jew, who was Premier for some time and subsequently Agent-General in England, that the North Island was opened up. The Jews have supplied much of the impetus which has developed commercial enterprise in this dominion. They are active in journalism, and several Jews own and edit newspapers. In the war with the Maoris a number fought in the British ranks; and it was a member of the Hebrew race who offered to sustain half the cost of a battleship to be presented to the Mother Country. It has been assumed by some critics of Jewish dominance in the mining industries of South Africa, that the Semitic race only made its appearance on the scene at the period of the boom that set in after the discovery of gold and diamonds. The assumption is far from the truth. The directors of the Dutch East India Company, who for one hundred and fifty years were responsible for the administration of affairs in the Colony at the Cape of Good Hope, included Jews among their number. The industrial awakening of the whole interior of Cape Colony can be traced to the assiduity of those early Jewish pioneers who landed on South African shores in the early part of the nineteenth century. Many industries bear witness to this, but more especially the trade in hides, wool, mohair, and merino which has had so much to do with the prosperity of the Cape in recent times. A leading firm of Jewish brothers, by fostering the cultivation of the Persian goat, built up a business in wool and mohair, with ramifications all over the world, from which many # Jews in the British Dominions 147 member of the Legislative Council. In Kimberley, except that the numbers are much smaller, the same conditions obtain. Indeed, throughout the whole of South Africa the Jew is on a very good footing. No discrimination is made, and he takes a not inconsiderable part in public life. Jews have been elected to the Union Parliament and to the Senate; they serve on the School Board, and quite a number in the mayoral capacity. The Jews had their full share of the troublous times consequent on the outbreak of the Boer War. There were seven Hebrews among the sixty-four reformers imprisoned at Pretoria in 1896, and over 2,000 fought on the British side, displaying conspicuous gallantry. Bloemfontein has not a large community of Jews—something under 1,000; but their position in the Orange River Colony has always been an extremely good one. In Natal a Jew was among the earliest pioneers of sugar planting and cultivation. Here a Jew took his seat in the Legislative Assembly long before the restrictions to Hebrew representation in Parliament were removed in England. In the Transvaal a Russian Jew, who, by establishing factories of every kind of commodity, accumulated great wealth, and # Jews in the British Dominions 149 In an address delivered in 1912 before the Jewish Historical Society, Mr. Sidney Mendelssohn showed that from earliest times the Then there is the firm of Mosenthal Brothers, established about the same period, whose branches throughout the eastern provinces greatly aided the farming industries. ## Jews in the British Dominions 151 The Jews have always been prominent in public life. The Hon. Simeon Jacobs, C.M.G., was one of the most prominent South African Jewish colonists in the early part of the second half of the nineteenth century. He was admitted an advocate of the Supreme Court in 1860, and afterwards appointed Attorney-General for British Kaffraria. Sub- sequently he became Solicitor-General for Grahamstown when the eastern province of the Cape Colony was administered by a separate Lieutenant-Governor. In 1874 he was made Attorney-General of the Cape Colony, which position he filled till 1877. He was made a Puisne Judge of the Supreme Court of the Cape Colony in 1880. ## Jews in the British Dominions 153 discovered the great Kimberley mine, the richest diamond mine yet located. Mr. Mendelssohn remarks that when the Jewish capitalists of South Africa are sneered at, and charged with having profited by the toil of the early pioneers of the diamond and gold fields, it may also be told that "a Jewish prospector—working with pick and shovel, like the others—found the great mine, the discovery of which was the first step in the modern advancement and progress which has led to the establishment of the great Empire of South Africa of to-day." Among other distinguished Jews in South Africa, Alfred Beit, the philanthropist, was not born a Jew, though of Jewish race, but was a supporter of Jewish and other charities. Barnato, the great speculator, came from the East End of London, and was a financial genius. Sir Sigismund Neumann, Sir George Albu, and Senator Samuel Marks were all pioneers who have left their mark in South Africa. Sir David Harris "made the name of Jew honoured in South African warfare." Sir Lionel Phillips has been prominent in politics, and Mr. Alfred Mosely in educational progress. George Garcia Wolf and Barnato, each in his turn, was senior Member of Parliament for Kimberley. # The Conquering Jew # Jews in the British Dominions 155 In a later chapter I will deal with the Jews in the Eastern possessions of Great Britain. Here, however, it is sufficient to emphasise the fact that in every British colony and settlement the world over there is the Jew to be found, sometimes humble and struggling, sometimes ambitious and successful; but wherever he goes, increasing, putting his mark, gaining power, introducing industries, capturing trade, but always patient and industriously moving toward the goal of financial prosperity. ### CHAPTER VIII ### THE JEWS IN GERMANY AND AUSTRIA In Germany, which first inaugurated retrogressive measures with respect to modern Jewish emancipation, the Jews are numerous and, on the whole, wealthy and influential. Dr. Ruppin, in his statistics, places the mass of German Jews in the status of the well-to-do bourgeoisie, and another writer confidently asserts he never met a poor native-born German Jew. Most investigators are agreed that the anti-Semitic outbreak in the land of the Hohenzollerns, while covertly a religious movement, was, in reality, an economic one. After the conclusion of the Franco-Prussian War and the payment of the enormous indemnity by the French, the circulation of money in Germany was plentiful and business brisk. A fever of speculation took possession of all classes; but when the resulting depression and inevitable crisis followed, came the discovery that, with their customary business acumen, the Jews had not only contrived to # Jews in Germany and Austria 157 weather the storm by which so many capitalists had seen their savings swept away, but were actually in possession of the security pledged on investments. The disappointed investors were at no pains to conceal their rage that much of the wealth of Germany had passed into the hands of the Hebrew. He was accordingly hated as much as he was feared. Other reasons for the dislike of the Jew in Germany will appear if a moment's consideration is given to the caste prejudices which still linger in many German towns and country places, notwithstanding that the levelling-up process is as actively at work there as anywhere else in the world. In the country where it is an accepted axiom that "the Army is the Nation," the caste feeling existing among the nobility is amply shared by the official classes, and intensifies the dividing line between these and the rest of the population—the intellectual élite, the bourgeoisie, and the Socialists. Again, the Jew is blamed for the social revolution through which every country has passed or is passing. He is accused of # Jews in Germany and Austria 159 creating the conditions which, in reality, he has only been quick to appreciate and exploit. The simple life of the provincial German is fast changing. Formerly, if there was intellectual superiority, that sufficed for the worthy provincial, and the lack of anything approaching luxury was neither missed, nor was it coveted. The standard of comfort was simplicity, and "plain living and high thinking" was the order of the day. But the Jew, with his superior wealth, has stirred up envy, hatred, and malice where once was content. He is increasingly powerful in all the centres of commerce. In the health resorts and seaside places where, in bygone times, the Teuton and his family were wont to take a holiday with a strict eye to economy, all is changed. Prices have gone up, and simple pleasures no longer charm. Everywhere is the Hebrew to be met, driving the best horses or showy motorcars with his women-folk dressed in the height of fashion. The best hotels and most comfortable villas appear to be monopolised by him. For, to this type of Jew, nothing but the best in material comfort appeals. If a special reason be sought for the rapid and widespread dislike and fear of the Jew in Germany, it may be found perhaps in the It was inevitable that, with the rapid march of events in Germany since the Union, the unworldliness and seclusion of the provincial towns, which was a characteristic part of the old life of the nation, should pass away. The causes of this change lie far deeper than the emancipation of the Jews; but since, concomitantly with this emancipation, came the new social power wielded by capital, it is not difficult to appreciate how the aristocracy, whether of birth or of intellect, viewed the invasion. The arrogant pretensions and exclusiveness in which they had enfolded themselves began to shiver, and the instrument of destruction was the Jew, his brains and his money. Though it is hardly possible to appraise the services rendered to Germany by the Jews in financing the national spirit, nothing of this is remembered. Wounded vanity and a sense of personal loss loom too large on the horizon. # Jews in Germany and Austria 161 Another writer demolishes the theory that the Germans themselves are an unmixed race, and points to the influence exerted by the Old and New Testaments in shaping the thought and character of the German people. A third writer denies the truth of the assertion commonly made that the Hebrew shows German tendencies in art, philosophy, or politics. His point of view is that, allowing for the existence of certain oriental tendencies ingrained in his blood, these do not, by any means, constitute the whole man. The German Jew of to-day, surrounded as he is by German influences—German thought, German art, German ideals—must, of necessity, respond to the elements which have formed his mind. In Austria, the land where, Russia excepted, the greatest number of Jews in Europe is to be found, the anti-Semitic movement is the same as in Germany, with a difference. Austria has nearly always been anti-Jewish. There has been no acute crisis, however, to give the movement prominence. Moreover, there is such a striving and clashing of races in the Austrian political arena that the Jew does not appear so outstanding a quantity. But his power and influence make themselves felt. After the Constitution of 1867 a movement vinced that an anti-Semitic plank in its platform could no longer be justified." The importance and influence to which the Jews of Austria have attained tells something to those who look beneath the surface of things, of the lack of initiative on the part of the pleasure-loving Austrian—of his supine policy of standing by and looking on while the industrious Jew gathers in the harvest. So in the Austrian Empire the Hebrews not only preponderate in finance and speculative commerce, but at the Universities and in all the learned professions they are securing the best prizes. Now whilst in the trading class of Germany the Jew is accepted, in the middle classes of Austria he is more disliked than anywhere else. The clear cause is his superior ability, resulting in greater prosperity. The Jewish shopkeeper is invariably more civil and more anxious to please than his Gentile competitor, whose manner is somewhat condescending. Again, if not successful, the Jew is quick to change his trade before even the Christian would have become aware of his failure. Before the union of Austria and Hungary business went slowly, and the work done, if not brilliant, was good. Later, when most restrictions on commercial competition were # Jews in Germany and Austria 165 withdrawn, a race of what one writer happily terms "meteoric traders" arose. The modus operandi was to take a showy shop in a small town and advertise ready-made goods at low prices. The native shopkeeper, unable to compete, found his trade spoiled. Meanwhile, the "cream" having been absorbed, the "meteoric trader" moved on to pastures new. ultimately drives them away. The better class of Jews acknowledge that these village usurers are a pest, and should be abolished as much as possible. # Jews in Germany and Austria 167 | Jews | • | • | 83.03 | per cent. | |-----------------|---|---|-------|-----------| | Evangelical . | • | • | 82.26 | ,, | | Reformed . | • | • | 75.52 | ,, | | Roman Catholic | • | • | 68.26 | " | | Unitarians . | • | • | 64.95 | ,, | | Greek Catholics | • | • | 23.85 | ,, | | Greek Oriental | • | • | 20.83 | ,, | The Hebrew, as usual, tops the list. Indeed, Hungarians are so well aware of the Jews' partiality for intellectual pursuits that, if a person is spoken of as having won distinction in science or any branch of learning, the question, "Is he a Jew?" follows almost as a matter of course. At the Prussian Universities the greater number of Jewish students go in for medicine; jurisprudence comes second, and philosophy attracts the fewest. The Jews in Germany form only 1 per cent. of the total population, though they furnish more than 6 per cent. of the professors and private teachers, both in the faculties of law and philosophy, and 10 per cent. of those in the faculty of medicine. The study and practice of medicine has always been strenuously cultivated by the Jews. Especially in German-speaking countries are they distinguished in this profession. Berlin, Göttingen, Strasburg, Dresden, Leipzig, Breslau, Heidelberg, all produce men renowned as anatomists, pathologists, and gynæcologists. Professor Ehrlich, of Frankfort-on-the-Main, has an international reputation in bacteriology. One writer has suggested that the Jewish race succeeds especially in medicine because it has no great generalisations and calls for the exercise of much common # Jews in Germany and Austria 169 sense, which bulks largely in the Jew's character. In Hungary the most distinguished physicians are Jews. at Berlin, Frankfort, and Vienna by foreign Jews. The Jew gives quite a good account of himself in the Austro-Hungarian Army. Some years ago the proportion of Jewish officers and men to Gentiles worked out at about 3.9 of the total force. The office of Director of the Army Medical Department, the highest medical military position in Austria, was held by a Jew, and several have risen to the command of fortresses and garrisons. About 3,000 Jewish soldiers were reported to have died for the Fatherland in the Franco-Prussian War. Many thousands of German Jews fought in the Great European War; but in Prussia no Jew is allowed to rise above the rank of common soldier. The success of the Jew is a continual subject of astonishment to his less gifted competitor. However anti-Semitic a country may be, it is impossible to curtail the irrepressible Hebrew's activities. Mostly in Germany and almost entirely in Austria, Jews are dominant in commerce. In Germany they do not go in for manufacturing, but in Austria many leading manufactories are directed and owned by Jews. They rule the markets and direct finance. It is said that many manufacturers would be compelled to put up their # Jews in Germany and Austria 171 shutters were it not that Jewish money comes to their aid at critical moments. In Germany they have aroused animosity by introducing the department store, which is to some extent interfering with the small trader. From the time that Perier, the French Jew, subsidised the first railways in France and then in Austria, the race has kept the command of this class of industry, and in Austria nearly all the railroads that do not belong to the State are in Jewish hands. In a recent election for the German Reichstag the number of professing Jews as candidates was small. In Berlin, despite its very large Jewish population, there are no compact Jewish constituencies, as in London. Jews were particularly prominent in the Hungarian election (1910) for seats in the Reichstag. The Government was at pains to conciliate the Jews. For the first time in the annals of the Hungarian elections, election appeals were issued in Yiddish, and the order compelling Jewish tobacconists to open on the Sabbath was rescinded. Such an untiring intellectual spirit as the Jews display means they are well represented and successful in journalism. The anti-Semites declare that both in Germany and Austria, but more especially in the latter, ### CHAPTER IX ### HOW THE JEW STANDS IN FRANCE Soon after the Roman conquest the Jews began to settle in both northern and southern France. Their very earliest history is a fairly peaceful one; but with the gradual growth of the power of the Church, which openly made war upon the race, and the introduction of the feudal and guild systems, the comparative liberty came to an end. An era of persecution, alternating with edicts of banishment and recall, set in, which was only to attain finality with the diffusion of ideas respecting individual rights inaugurated by the French Revolution. Instigated by the Church, and influenced by the prevailing ignorance of the times, which confounded the Jewish race with the Moslems and supposed them to be in secret relations with one another, the Crusaders included the Hebrews in their war upon the enemies of Christianity. The communities of Anjou, Poitou, and Bordeaux were savagely attacked, and when victims refused baptism at the hands of these fanatic robbers, they were trampled to death by the hordes of the Crusaders, and their homes robbed and destroyed. By an order of the Council of Beziers, in 1246, Jewish physicians, who had had the monopoly of the healing art in Europe, were forbidden to attend Christians. Successive kings banished them, seizing upon any property their victims were unable to carry away, such as fields, houses, vineyards; and then, a little later when the royal treasury had become depleted, the exiled ones were graciously permitted to return, paying enormous taxes as the price of the privilege of reinstatement. The outbreak of the plague in 1322 was seized upon as a favourable opportunity for cancelling many accumulated debts, and thousands of Jews, accused of causing the "black death" by poisoning the wells, were burnt en masse, and with the annexation of their goods there disappeared the evidence of the indebtedness of their accusers. In the year 1394, in the reign of the mad King Charles VI., an edict of general expulsion went forth, and the whole of France, which had expanded her territory considerably through annexations and the marriage dowries of princesses mated with the kings of France, was cleared # How the Jew Stands in France 175 !\[\](\_page\_187\_Picture\_0.jpeg) !\[\](\_page\_188\_Picture\_0.jpeg) !\[\](\_page\_189\_Picture\_0.jpeg) # How the Jew Stands in France 179 and was swelled by an irruption of the German element driven from Germany by the anti-Semitism there. Renan, the high priest of idealism, openly declared his belief in the services rendered to the human race by the Hebrews, and emphasised the fact that progress and civilisation throughout history owed enormously to their labours. He stated that as a rule the enemies of Judaism stood confessed as inimical to progress. Yet, even while these sentiments were finding an echo in the hearts of all lovers of justice, the seed was being industriously sown for an agitation against the Jews, closely resembling those of an ignorant and fanatic past against which Renan had been inveighing. The jealousy to which the success of the Jews in Paris had given rise was eventually voiced by a M. Drumont, before unknown, who in 1886 launched a book called "La France Juive," in which he informed the citizens of Paris that all misfortunes, past, present, and to come, must be attributed to the Machiavellian designs of the Hebrew race whom they had been so imprudent as to shelter. This was the torch that was to set the tow of anti-Semitism afire. Nor did it fail of its object. The undoubted ability of its author, its extravagance and wealth of unsubstantiated state- ments, and the ferocity of its attack on the wealthy Jews of position, sufficed to give it a wide and ever-increasing hearing. As an instrument of further propaganda, a newspaper was founded under the title of La Libre Parole, with Drumont as its editor, and this had an immediate success. The exposures of the Panama scandal, in which a few Jews were involved, by venal politicians, added fuel to the flames. The names of those Christians responsible sank into insignificance, and only the Jewish promoters were brought into prominence. The belief that Panama was a Jewish affair was, and is, still firmly implanted in the minds of the middle classes, who were the principal sufferers from that financial fiasco, and was responsible for much anti-Jewish feeling in Paris and France generally. The cry of "A bas les Juifs!" once successfully raised, those interested in stirring up Jew hatred did not neglect to fan the fire. Writers with powerful pens joined the campaign, and their abuse of the Jews did not lack for virulence or ingenuity. One went so far as to assert that the immorality of a certain section of French society was due to the baneful effects of introducing a Jewish plutocracy into Parisian circles. The seed sown in the early days of this anti- ### How the Jew Stands in France 181 The further developments of this extraordinary affair are well known. How Zola awoke the world of France to the dishonourable dealings of some of the accusers of Dreyfus by his now famous indictment beginning "J'accuse"; how the military party attempted to back up its tyrannous actions with documents which the forger, Colonel Henry, was compelled to acknowledge as the work of his invention; and how, after arrest, # How the Jew Stands in France 183 All this time the promoters of the Jew hunt had been actively at work, endeavouring to persuade the French people of the dangers that lurked in every corner and attended the spread of Jewish power and prosperity; but with the acquittal of Dreyfus and the exposure of the frauds to which the military party had stooped to secure his condemnation, the wave of anti-Semitism which had swept the country some years ## How the Jew Stands in France 185 hatred of the Jew is attributable. It has also been suggested that the bourgeoisie, anxious to divert attention from their own steadily growing wealth and position, drew the red herring across the trail, and endeavoured to make scapegoats of the Jews. To take in detail some of the professions and occupations in which the Jews bulk so largely: The Army.—During a period of about the last ten years there were to be found eight generals, 14 colonels, 21 lieutenant-colonels, 68 majors, 107 captains, 36 army doctors, and 20 commissariat officers. ("The Jewish Year Book" states that the number of Jewish officers in the French army has been on the decrease for some years, Jews being unwilling, since the Dreyfus affair, to devote themselves to a military career.) Navy.—Jews are rare among combatant officers, but many join the naval construction and other branches of the service; in the Administration des Poudres they are quite numerous. Magistracy accounts for more than one hundred, distributed among the Court of Appeal, the less important courts, and the Justices of the Peace. Conseil d'Etat.—Here Jews form one-sixth of the total personnel. Préfectures.—It is not possible to ascertain whether any of these are Jews, but statistics give the names of twenty-five of the race as employed on the special staff of the officials. Ministries.—Fifty Jews are mentioned as # How the Jew Stands in France 187 members of the special staff of assistance to ministers—such as chefs de cabinet, souschefs, secretaries, etc. Education.—Two hundred and two Jews occupy positions as Professors of Faculties or Colleges specially nominated by Government; two have attained the coveted posts of Inspector General of Public Instruction; while four are Inspecteurs d'Académie, having the control of elementary teachers of several departments. Police Administration.—The Jews hold important posts. In connection with the foregoing it may be of interest to quote from an article of M. Picquart's, who, during the time of his exclusion from the army, contributed to a Swiss paper, the Gazette de Lausanne, his views on the state of the Jewish question at that Conseillers du Commerce Extérieur de la France.—These are the officials appointed by the Government to watch over French interests in foreign commerce, and eightythree Jewish names appear on the list. Press.—The number of Jews connected with the Press of France is very large. M. Urbain Gohier goes so far as to say that out of forty daily Parisian papers there are scarcely ten without some Jewish editors. Certain Conservative, and even Radical, papers have a staff largely consisting of Jews. The list of the staff of the Socialist anti-militarist paper has been given to the public on several occasions, and has been shown to consist of nothing but Jewish names. Finance.—For close on half a century prior to the outbreak of anti-Semitism the Jews had been quietly working their way up unnoticed in finance and commerce. In 1843 the Jews commanded the Bourse. Emil and Isaac Perier made themselves contractors on a very large scale and, supported by the guarantee of Rothschild and other Jews, they began to build railways. They were responsible for the Saint Germain line and the !\[\](\_page\_201\_Picture\_0.jpeg) !\[\](\_page\_202\_Picture\_0.jpeg) !\[\](\_page\_203\_Picture\_0.jpeg) ### CHAPTER X ### RUSSIAN AND POLISH JEWS European country. It has an area eighteen times that of the British Isles, and it extends from Germany to Asia and from the Arctic Ocean to the Black Sea. It measures 2,000 miles from north to south and from east to west. Yet this vast land is but thinly populated. At the last census its inhabitants numbered only 173,359,900. About one-half of the entire Jewish race lives in Russia; yet their proportion is but 3.9. Nevertheless, as we shall presently see, the policy of the Russian authorities, by confining these six million Jews within a restricted area, brings about a terrible state of congestion, with all its attendant evils. N The late Harold Frederic, who undertook a journey through Russia on a mission of inquiry, has given us in his "New Exodus" a pen picture of what he saw. He prefaces his remarks with the assertion that through- out his tour he contrived to evade the official eye, and shows that his views remain untouched by the glamour of the bureaucratic magic lantern, by means of which some other writers he mentions were enabled to view things in a more roseate light. He says: "It was a Russia of dark and hopeless ignorance, of drunken incompetency, and frank and even smiling contempt for everything of thought, word, or deed that we call honesty. I saw it in cottages, in fields, in churches, camps, and market-places; and everywhere, depressing as the picture was, it furnished the background to a still more sinister scene, that of a whole race being hunted from its homes, despoiled of its possessions, hounded by the Cossack, and plundered by the tchinovnik—all unpitied by anyone." As a united nation, Russia has no history and no past. For more than a century after printing had spread to every country in Europe, Russia had no knowledge of it. Nor had she any place among the Christian peoples of Europe when Louis XIV. reigned in France, at that time foremost of all nations in art and arms. In the seventeenth century Holland, Sweden, Poland, England, Spain, and Austria all had, from time to time, their finger in the pie of European politics. But Russia, !\[\](\_page\_207\_Picture\_0.jpeg) !\[\](\_page\_208\_Picture\_0.jpeg) !\[\](\_page\_209\_Picture\_0.jpeg) due, apart vernment, for which to blame. Jews out d settled, oor houseoass, were ive in an congestion decrees of expulsion from large cities, especially from Moscow, and would probably be insupportable were there not a constant stream of emigration, mainly to America. It seems, however, that there are villages, called "miestechkoes," in which Jews have the right to reside; and it is a significant fact that, in every case, these miestechkoes have become commercial centres for outlying peasant villages. If a Jew wishes to move from the Pale to a city for any purpose whatever, he has to get special permission from the authorities. This permission is strictly limited. It has a maximum run of two months, and then is only granted to allow the Jew to attend to business which imperatively demands his presence, such as a lawsuit. Those not obliged to live within the Pale number less than half a million, and include: (a) Merchants of the first guild, i.e. merchants paying a very high business licence, the permission lasting only so long as the payment of the licence is continued; (b) the professional class—doctors, lawyers, etc., graduates and students of the university; (c) master artisans working at their trade, if duly qualified in their craft. How, as has been alleged, some 6,000,000 of people fettered in this manner, and handi- Depressed and dirty as they are, the Jews of Russia and Poland are still a democratic people of higher culture than the mass of the Russian population. The Jew at his very lowest—and it has been conceded on all sides that among the poor Jews of Russia and Poland the most degraded type of Jew is to be found—is still intellectually greatly superior to the moujik, and contrives, by hook or by crook, to compass superior conditions of living. | Engaged in | Witebsk and Mohilev | Pskow and Smolensk | |-----------------------------|------------------------|-----------------------| | Hawking | 52.9 | 19.5 | | Tailoring | 24.3 | 11.3 | | Carrying Trade Teaching and | 6.8 | 1.7 | | Education | 6.0 | 2.3 | As we are dealing with callings directed The outbreak of hostilities against the Jews, which I witnessed, apparently dates from about 1881. The pogroms were a species of riot, and in the case of those which have so fatally affected the Jews, appear to be secretly stirred up with a political motive—in this case, of driving the Jews out of the country, with the alternative of complete assimilation or extinction. Curiously enough, a pogrom took place at Orscha, a town of 14,000 inhabitants, of whom 50 per cent. are Jews, almost immediately on the proclamation, on October 18th, 1905, of the Constitution. It began with the exhortation of a priest to the "faithful" to purge the city of the alien; and soon the house of the rich Jew was sacked, and men and women within were burned to death. A week after Russian freedom had been proclaimed by the setting up of a Parliament, the pogrom ended. What happened at Orscha that October was typical of many other towns where hundreds of Jews suffered the fury of the populace. But in Poland, whose boast it was that no pogrom could occur, a distinction must be drawn. The Jews are not particularly favoured; but the Poles are a race of a higher civilisation than the Russians, and, having themselves suffered persecution and humiliation, had sympathy with the Jews. Yet pogroms, even here, could not be entirely averted. Warsaw had one as far back as 1881, Lodz in 1892, and later one occurred at Sedlitz, though this may be entirely credited to undisciplined soldiers. Siberia is now completely closed against all ## The Conquering Jew According to a fairly recent computation the number of Jewish artisans in the twenty-five Governments of the Pale and Poland, 500,986, constituted 13.2 of the Jewish population of that territory. On an average, of the twenty-five Governments of Western Russia one-tenth to one-fifth of the Jews were engaged in handicrafts. Statistics in the "Jewish Encyclopaedia" further show that, with the scarcity of artisans among the peasant class, and the increasing demand in the villages for cheap manufactured articles, the Jews are an important factor of the economical life of western Russia. The following indicates the percentage of Jewish artisans in the different trades in the Pale: | Boot-making, shoemaking, etc. | • | 17.0 | |--------------------------------------|-----|------| | Building and ceramics | • | 6.3 | | Carpentering, cabinet-making, etc. | • | 9.9 | | Chemicals | • | 0.7 | | Clothing, etc. | • | 38.7 | | Food preparations | • | 11.6 | | Metal working, high grade . | • | 4.1 | | Metal working, low grade . | • | 5.7 | | Paper-making, paper box making, et | cc. | 2.3 | | Weaving, spinning, rope-making, etc. | • | 3.7 | A glance will show that one-half of the Jewish artisans within the Pale are engaged in the manufacture of clothing and boots. Most of the Jewish weavers are concentrated in Western Poland and Lithuania. artisans, there are about 2 per cent. of the Jewish population engaged as day labourers. The city containing the greatest number of Jews is Warsaw, the capital of the Russo-Polish Government, and formerly the capital of Poland. The next in importance of numbers is Lodz, also in Russian Poland, now termed the Manchester of that country. It has grown rapidly, and this industrial growth is largely due to the Jews, as well as to the German immigrants, who have introduced numerous hand-looms and spindles in almost every household. Being content with small profits, they have been able to compete with the largest manufacturers in Russia. Some time since, as a means of keeping pace with the keen competition from abroad, the Hebrews made a cheap imitation of "woollens" by shoddy made from waste of cotton and woollen goods, which had been hitherto discarded. Odessa, the third city on the list, has been an important factor in the cultural life of the Jews. Here we have the two extremes, some of the very poorest and yet many of the richest and most highly cultured of the race, commonly ascribed to the fact that the local government has always been favourably disposed to the Jews in Odessa. As a result, at the present time, the influence of the Jews !\[\](\_page\_221\_Picture\_0.jpeg) !\[\](\_page\_222\_Picture\_0.jpeg) !\[\](\_page\_223\_Picture\_0.jpeg) The Russian has done little to develop his own heritage. It is the foreigner, or the alien in race resident in Russia, who has done all. That great wonderland of Siberia, a twin country to Canada, with precisely the same agricultural possibilities that Canada has, is striving toward prosperity. The Government has been doing a benevolent work ever since the transcontinental railway was built to stimulate trade. Enormous progress has been made, but this has not been accomplished by Russians but by people of other races. The plain truth is that the Russian is neither an agriculturist nor a trader. are debarred from Russian universities because the Russian youth is no match for the Hebrew; yet despite all the restrictions, the prizes are invariably won by Jews. They have the political instinct, and are the pioneers of political thought adverse to the present system of government. Nowhere is Judea so distinct as within the Russian Empire, not because the Jews have clung tenaciously, out of love, to the traditions of their race, but because the Russians have never given them opportunity to do otherwise. So long as these two races remain separate, but within the same fence, the majority owing their strength to numbers and the minority, intellectual or latent with intellectual force, kept in subjection, Russia will always be confronted with a problem the true bearings of which other nations are not likely to understand. vinced. Judea will also pay a great price. The last stronghold of Jewish thought and tradition is in Russia. Yet, just as in every country where the Jew has received freedom the tendency on his own initiative has been to be de-Judaised, the result of emancipation will be that he will become less a Jew and more a Russian, until in time the distinct Jew disappears. I fully understand that to the strict Jew such a prospect is abhorrent. He would bow his head and cry, "Woe, woe!" at all the hopes of his race perishing. The glorious heritage for which he and his sires have waited for so many centuries to disappear as a dream—that is something to make him shiver with dismay! That half the Jews in the world should ultimately forget the faith of their fathers, and be absorbed and assimilated in and among the one hundred and seventy million Russians, would seem to be the last punishment inflicted by Jehovah. >>>>>>>r will turn the other way, that the faith will be revitalised—dear though the thought is to devout Hebrews—is beyond contemplation. Every nation that has absorbed or is absorbing the Jews has profited. The modern world is leavened by the Jews. Russia will be all the greater when the Jew has full liberty. The bonds which hold the Russian Jew to tradition will slacken and fall away. He will assimilate with the Russians as he is doing with other peoples. His spirit will impregnate and diffuse throughout the Muscovite race. It is dangerous to prophesy, but conclusions concerning the future can be drawn from the past and the present. The Jew could conquer Russia, but not in the way he sometimes thinks. ### CHAPTER XI ### THE JEWS OF SOUTHERN EUROPE It is scarcely possible to deal with the Jews of Southern Europe, as they are to-day, without casting an eye upon the history of the Middle Ages in so far as it affected the Jewish race. Italy was at that period the centre of art and letters and learning. In Italy the Hebrews played no inconsiderable part, and in those cities which were commercially important, their influence, open or hidden, was paramount. Broadly speaking, the period up to the early part of the fifteenth century constituted their palmiest days. It was Jewish blood which had much to do with producing an artistic Italy. As the Roman Church increased in power the Jews became the objects of recurrent outbreaks of fanatic persecution, usually occurring when their wealth aroused cupidity. Despoiled of the fruits of their industry on the flimsiest pretexts, they were then driven forth with ignominy. Yet, in every case, no sooner were they gone than depleted treasuries and diverted commerce caused the good citizens of Venice, Padua, Parma, Leghorn, all the cities where their influence had been beneficial to growth and progress, to look around for the cause. Pocket interest rather than an accusing conscience prompted revocation of the edicts of exile. The Jews invariably responded to the call. The game began again, da capo. Coming down to modern times, the Jews, during the vicissitudes attendant on the protracted struggle of Italy to throw off the foreign yoke and obtain constitutional government under one sovereign, naturally shared the varying fortunes of their compatriots. Until to-day, in the land where Mazzini first preached the liberty of the subject and aroused in the heart of the Italian an unquenchable desire for freedom which was to find its culmination in that United Italy for which Garibaldi fought, the Jew has equal rights with the Christian. Indeed, anti-Semitism is unknown in Italy. The Italian Jew lives in peace and harmony, with full scope to develop his life in whatsoever direction may seem good to him. In contrasting Spain and Italy as regards # The Jews of Southern Europe 221 itself was glad to apply for financial help to tide over rough times. Among other contributing causes to the Jews' immunity from persecution in Italy was # The Jews of Southern Europe 223 To swell the number of the very early settlers came the captives sold out of Palestine by the Roman Emperors, as well as voluntary emigrants. Communities and synagogues grew apace, and the Jews in the Iberian peninsula were a happy and a fecund people. But, as early as 589, the Council of Toledo began its oppression of the race by forbidding them to own Christian slaves or to fill any important office, thus inaugurating a system of persecution which, with the exception of the period during which a portion of Iberia became subject to Mohammedan rule, and in which they prospered, continued with more or less severity until the final expulsion from Spain in 1492. Under the Moors—really a coalition of Arabs, Syrians, and Berbers—they had equal liberties and opportunities, and their intellectual development, influenced by the Greek culture which the victors had brought with them, and lost no time in establishing, progressed apace. Abbott goes farther and asserts that "It was mainly through the instrumentality of the Jews that this Arabic resuscitation of Hellenic philosophy and science was transferred from Islam to Christendom." The establishment by the Jews of the school of Cordova, followed by those of # The Jews of Southern Europe 225 Toledo, Barcelona, and Granada, brought a throng of students by whom, in those dark ages, these centres of philosophical and scientific knowledge were acclaimed as beacons giving light where all around was ignorance. Jews were absorbed by the hundred thousand in Spain. It was then that Spain was in front of the world's history. Jewish and Arabic physicians existed simultaneously in Egypt and Sicily. From Sicily they drifted to southern Italy and took root in Salerno, which became celebrated as the leading school of medicine. It is clear that most of the medical knowledge which existed in Italy and Spain in mediæval times should be attributed to Jewish physicians. By their acquaintance with rudimentary hygiene, taught them by their religion, they gradually lifted the art of healing to the position of a science, substituting the use of medicine for the incantation of formulæ and gradually substituting for superstition such scientific knowledge as they possessed. The fifteenth century was yet young when Jew baiting came into fashion. Between the Church and the ruling princes the ball was kept going. If a king showed some inclination to a mercy which the gold of the Israelite had been lavishly poured out to obtain, the Notwithstanding continual tyranny, the Jew, with the usual perspicacity and flair for industrial opportunities, which was as much one of his oustanding qualities then as it is now, somehow contrived to keep ahead. His co-religionists upon whom the ecclesiastical hand had fallen too heavy might go to the ## The Jews of Southern Europe 227 !\[\](\_page\_239\_Picture\_0.jpeg) The Jews of Southern Europe 229 which he places at 9.26 of Jews as against 2.86 of Christians, shows the higher level of material prosperity among the Italian Jews defy the Church, publicly denounced them and privately protected them. Until after the expulsion of their co-religionists from Spain, no active measures were taken against them. The marriage of Isabella, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, with Emmanuel of Portugal, and the subsequent institution of the Inquisition at the instigation of Ignatius Loyola, precipitated calamity upon the heads of the Portuguese Jews, and from that time onward trouble dogged their footsteps. The charming Isabella had no mind to let the feud !\[\](\_page\_241\_Picture\_0.jpeg) # The Jews of Southern Europe 231 its trade that it was not long before the Dutch were avenged by injuring Portuguese interests. At the present moment Lisbon is practically the only part of Portugal that harbours Jews. They are about five hundred in number, mostly of the better class. Many are merchants and shipowners, and a few are distinguished in the learned professions. Since the fall of the monarchy and the weakening of the ecclesiastical power, the position of the Jewish race in Portugal is greatly improved. The Republic has recognised the community as a legal corporation, and they may now possess land and funded property. Greece has not many Jews. They scarcely form 00.34 of her population. But they enjoy absolute religious freedom, and participate in all the rights and privileges of Hellenic citizens. In modern times the majority of the Athenian Jews reside close together, and earn their livelihood by peddling and handicraft, while the wealthier class are mostly of German descent. Corfu, the most northerly of the Ionian islands, has a Jewish population of three different origins: Greek, Spanish, and Apulian. Many of the Corfu Jews are dealers in oil and manufactured goods. Others engage in manufacturing umbrellas, hats, shoes, and other articles of domestic use; others, again, are printers and tailors. Owing to adverse industrial conditions, many are now emigrating to Egypt. # The Jews of Southern Europe 233 the main, the Jews are poor and have not risen above the small tradesman or pedlar. They live mostly in the principal towns of Rumania and in Jassy, the former capital of Moldavia. They form one-third of the population. In Galatz, the chief grain port, whole streets of them keeping shops may be found. They trade as tinsmiths, glaziers, shoemakers, hatters, tailors, etc. No Jew however, is allowed to own land, so he leases it and employs labour to till it. Many of the better-class Rumanian Jews do this. By the famous Treaty of Berlin which Beaconsfield—whose sympathies were actively employed in favour of the race whose faith his ancestors professed—did all in his power to promote, complete religious liberty for the Jews in Rumania was made a condition of independence; but by different subterfuges Rumania has consistently succeeded in evading its obligations, and in spite of protests from other Powers, has unceasingly harried the Jews until it seems now as if the complete extinction of the race is the policy. The situation is ever becoming more difficult. All the weight of Rumanian legislation, all the fanaticism of an ignorant populace, is bearing on the unfortunate Jews and making life hideous to them. An organised movement is on foot ### CHAPTER XII ### THE JEWS IN LESSER LANDS The wonderful story of how the burghers of the Netherlands during their war with Spain not only advanced intellectually but built themselves into a naval and commercial power, is too well known to need reference here except in so far as it affected the Jews. Holland, in the course of her history, gave birth to many great men. Perhaps the greatest was Baruch Spinoza, the Jewish philosopher, excommunicated from his synagogue for apostasy, but whose genius was to exert an influence on the thought of the world. The simple Jew of Amsterdam, whose love of truth was so great that he could not adapt himself to the standards of the world, retired into obscurity and earned a modest livelihood by provinces the cattle trade is chiefly in their hands. It is unlikely that Holland would ever have attained the place it did in trade without the aid of the Jews. were left after the plague had swept the country about 1370; for some centuries later any record relating to the Belgian Jews of the Middle Ages seems to have been lost. Unlike their co-religionists of Holland and Spain, they do not appear to have played any part of importance in the development of the country; they lived quietly as physicians, bankers, and handicraftsmen. In nearly every Belgian town streets are to be seen to-day that bear testimony to the presence of the Hebrew race at an early period of its history. Always a Jodenstraat, or Rue des Juifs, exists. Traces of the position and influence of the Jew who was at the head of the community in Brabant at the time of the massacres in Brussels, can be seen in the name, "Maison de Jonathan," in the centre of Enghien, and a vast plain outside the walls of the same town is called "Jardin de Jonathan." Holstein, which belonged at one time to Denmark, is the region where the first traces of Danish Jews are to be found. A letter is extant in which Christian IV. invited the Portuguese Jews of Amsterdam to settle in his dominions, and assured them of freedom to exercise their religious rites. This is thought to be the beginning of the com- ### The Jews in Lesser Lands 241 munity. About the close of the seventeenth century German Jews began to arrive in small numbers, and though the merchants complained of their competition, the Government did not interfere, and appeared well disposed towards the immigrants. Since the middle of the last century most of the race have been concentrated on the capital, Copenhagen, and have contributed in no small measure to the development of the country. Many of them are physicians, writers, manufacturers, and merchants. The favourable conditions under which they live in Denmark have contributed to mixed marriages. Since 1849 their last civic disabilities have been removed, and they now have absolute political equality with Christians. The Jewish population of Norway is not large, some 600 in all. When Norway was united with Sweden, a unity now broken, there was a law forbidding any immigration of the Jewish race. This was repealed in 1857, and a few Russian and Polish Jews took advantage of the permission to settle there. They enjoy civic liberty and are, on the whole, quite prosperous. Those in the capital, Christiania, engage chiefly in commerce. A number in Bergen and Trondhjem trade in fur. ## The Jews in Lesser Lands 243 Thus wherever the Jew goes, though the contest may be long, he wins. brokers, and hated them in consequence. They were socially ostracised, and were compelled to wear the "Judenhut" as a badge of their race; but this indignity was relaxed in the case of certain physicians, the majority of whom came from Italy. # The Jews in Lesser Lands 245 It is asserted that as early as 1548 Portuguese Jews transplanted the sugar-cane from Madeira to Brazil. However, it is indisputable that nearly all the large sugar-cane planters of Brazil during the first half of the seventeenth century were Jews. Very few Jews are in modern Brazil, not more than 3,000, but all doing well. Many Jews were in Mexico during the Spanish occupation. In recent times Jews have again migrated to Mexico. For a short time a Jewish journal was published in the capital city. The number is now estimated to be about 10,000, mostly Syrians, Moroccans, and French Alsatians. At Curaçoa, in the Dutch West Indies, the Jews are among the leading citizens. Forty-four out of fifty-two firms on the two principal thoroughfares are Jewish. The leading lawyers, physicians, editors, and druggists are Jews. all the colonies is \\$15,000,000—and this is in spite of much damage through drought and locusts. There are good educational facilities: there are fifty schools, with 155 teachers and 3,538 pupils. Agriculture is one of the most important subjects taught in these schools. There is a Jewish population of 30,000 in the Argentine, of which one-third are to be found in the capital; and, Mr. Elkan Nathan Adler remarks, judging from the analogies which Buenos Aires, with its rapidly increasing population of 800,000, presents to New York, it would not be surprising to find a Jewish millionaire as frequent there a generation hence as he is now in the United States. Four Jewish firms have the complete mastery of the Argentine wheat trade. ### CHAPTER XIII ### THE JEWS OF THE EAST PALESTINE, that land in which are centred the hopes and desires of a portion of the Jewish race, is one of the most disappointing countries I have ever visited. The transformation from the prosperity enjoyed in the reign of Solomon, and from the conditions under which, later on, great Greek cities flourished, has astonished most travellers who had anticipated much. They find these sites covered by a few straggling and struggling villages, on which desolation and poverty have laid a heavy hand. Seeking for a cause for this, many writers have not hesitated to impute the air of sadness and gloom which permeates the land to the ever-impoverishing influence of Islamism. But, more recently, scientists have been inclined to ascribe the transformation to an alteration in climatic conditions, of which a great lack of water is the most outstanding. Jerusalem offers more of interest from its wonderful historical associations than from any archæological beauty of its buildings. It is reached by rail from Jaffa. Within the city the streets are narrow, crooked, and steep, few permitting of wheeled traffic. Many exclude the sunlight altogether. The sanitary conditions are bad. With the exception of the Spring of Siloam, there is no natural water supply. A feature of Jerusalem is its marvellous cosmopolitanism and the extraordinary variety of the tongues spoken within its gates. They have been recently computed at more than forty-five. For centuries, up to 1837, the Jewish colony in Jerusalem was but a small one. Earthquakes at Safed and Tiberias were responsible for some immigration of dispossessed Jews, and from that time it has gone steadily forward in growth. A writer in the London Times recently announced that while, not so long ago, the Jews in Palestine hardly numbered 500, so rapidly are they increasing that to-day they form 60 per cent. of the 80,000 inhabitants of Jerusalem. The poorer Hebrews live within the city gates in their own quarter, where they suffer much from overcrowding and lack of proper sanitary conditions and sunlight and air. The children look old before their time, and the infant mortality is great. The better classes live outside the walls, where the conditions of living approximate more to modern ideas of comfort. The roads are wider and more cared for. Here are to be found the consulates, the more important schools, the monasteries and hospitals; and here, too, dwell the more prosperous Moslems. The lace made by Jewish hands in the Holy Land is beginning to rival laces with an already established reputation for delicacy of texture and beauty of design. The Bezalel School of Arts and Crafts is doing a great work by infusing new spirit into the rising generation of Hebrews, and prompting them to extend Jewish interests in Palestine, and trade is gradually developing. Unfortunately, however, the work of L'Alliance Israélite is not very much favoured by the Turkish Government. This want of sympathy is attributed to a lack of tact and savoir faire on the part of a former director, and has no fundamental basis. A technological school has been founded in Haifa, and American interest has established a dry-farming experimental station in Palestine. From all this it will be seen that this land of desolation may yet be retrieved. There is foundation for the favourable report of a Jewish diplomat, who, recently returned to America from a tour of inspection in Palestine, said: "I was transported with joy at the sight of the colonies. One must go to Palestine to acquire a correct impression of the Jewish people. One must see the land, admirably cultivated, the gardens filled with flowers, the well-planted vines, the pretty avenues, and the well-kept roads. Hundreds of Jews are at work in making the land fertile, and they have the satisfaction of knowing that success attends their effort. One cannot but be struck by the Russian girls, who, soon after their arrival in Palestine, are transformed into bright young women. The Hebrew language is spoken everywhere, as, indeed, the language of our ancestors—the language which we have neglected—should be." He further advised that those Jews who are leaving Salonika in great numbers should settle in Syria, and especially in the vilayet of Adana, which had every appearance of prosperity and a flourishing commerce. eventuate, the Hebrew revival, though it had its origin in Russia, has obtained its most remarkable development in Palestine. The Jewish renaissance is scarcely more than twenty years old, but is making its influence felt in Jewish communities in every part of the world. Jerusalem's only point of communication with the Mediterranean. Here the Jews, numbering some 3,000 out of a population of 18,000, have their own special quarters. Some Egyptian Jews are bankers and merchants in Cairo; they are also represented among the lawyers and court officials; quite a number are artisans. The languages sonal liberty. Some ten years ago thousands of them, their ranks previously weakened by famine through drought, suffered annihilation by reason of a revolt of the Arabs against Turkish rule. The survivors are mostly occupied as shopkeepers, artisans, and pedlars; formerly many worked with the Arabs at agriculture, but none do so now. A few of the poorest have emigrated to Palestine, and have joined the agricultural colonies there. Tripoli does not seem to have had Jewish inhabitants or settlers in early times. Indeed, in the great emigration of 1492 it was specially avoided by the refugeees; it was then a part of the dominions of Ferdinand and Isabella. It was not till Tripoli came under Moslem rule that the Jew took up his abode in this part of northern Africa. The community now numbers about one-third of the total population, has sufficient schools and synagogues, and pays a large tax for exemption from military service. They are, as might naturally be expected, not very advanced intellectually, and much given to superstition. The existence of the Jews in Tunis—formerly one of the Barbary States of North Africa, but now a dependency of France—since the beginning of Christianity, has been attested by the discovery made by Prud- The original Jewish settlers in the French colony of Algeria appear, to judge from the names of epitaphs, to have come from Italy, and to have been largely reinforced by refugees from Spain. The Spanish Jews, vastly superior in education and culture to their North African co-religionists, soon changed the state of servitude appertaining to the "refugee" for that of master. They were differentiated as wearers of "birettas," while the original Algerian Jews were known as wearers of "turbans." The race was exposed to fanatical outbursts. The subsequent conquest of Algeria by the French freed the mass of the Algerian Jews from Turkish rule, and at first things were well for them, their knowledge of Arabic and superior education and intelligence being welcomed by the Government in its efforts to establish its rule. The Algerian Jews are largely merchants and petty traders; but in contradiction of the accusation that they monopolise trade, statistics show that the large proportion work at handicrafts, The Shabbethain movement in Turkey spread to Morocco, where the Hebrew community was much affected by its rise and melancholy collapse. They suffered persecution in Fez and Mogador, and later on, to escape the fury of the storm, many embraced Islamism. Sir Moses Montefiore, supported by the British Government, interested himself in the fate of the Moroccan Jews, and under- took a journey to demand personally of the Sultan protection for the Jews and Christians. Theoretically, his mission was successful: he secured an edict granting equal rights; but practically, the Jews' privileges depend on the attitude towards them of local administrators, and they seldom obtain justice. They are continually involved in the disputes between Mohammedans and Christians, and their unprotected condition invariably invites attack. As a result of the bombardment of Casa Blanca by the French marines, the Moors attacked and robbed the Jewish quarter. In Mogador the chief trade has fallen into Jewish hands. The system by which Government officials are exempt from injustice at the hands of the Moors has led to bribery, and these posts are often bought. They are much sought after by the Jews, who without this protection are, in Morocco, liable to every sort of indignity. They are, indeed, only tolerated because in commerce they are indispensable, and in most unfavourable circumstances have the faculty of acquiring money of which, on the flimsiest pretence, they may be despoiled. Brusa, or Broussa, a city of Anatolia fiftyfour miles from Constantinople, sheltered the first Jewish colony in Turkey of which anything is known at the present day, although tradition tells of one in Thessaly at the time of Alexander the Great. were now introduced into Turkey. They instructed the Moslems in the art of making gunpowder and cannon and other implements of warfare. In the subsequent successes of the Turks in Europe, of which not a little must be imputed to the knowledge of the Jews in modernising their weapons of attack, those who look beneath the surface of things and are prone to investigate causes and effects, will trace the shadow of Nemesis following up the mediæval persecution of the Jews. Not only was their influence great in war. By their outstanding position in commerce they obtained, through their relations with foreign countries, an intimate knowledge of current events which gave the highest among them the power of pulling the strings in the background, and a predominance in diplomacy which the representatives of those countries that had erstwhile driven them forth with ignominy found themselves compelled to recognise. The stability of the Jews in Turkey, however, notwithstanding the prosperity and influence of the richer members of the community, was slowly undermined. Always, as the hidden canker at the root, was the hostility of the Christians. Besides, it had no sound foundation, but rested solely on the attitude of individual rulers towards the race. Another contributing cause was the lack of unity among the Hebrews themselves. They were composed of so many different nationalities, and inevitably had dissimilar customs and opinions which, with characteristic tenacity, they made no attempt to assimilate. As a result, the bright era which seemed to have dawned faded, and in the eighteenth century the picture becomes once more a dark one. In 1756 the Jewish quarter in Constantinople was almost devastated by fire. Wars with Russia and a co-existent low state of civilisation, by affording the race no opportunities of development, reduced the Jews of Turkey to a depressed and illiterate condition. The mass of them at the present day still live in the cities in cramped quarters in a dirty condition, and are untaught. To remedy the unfortunate state of their co-religionists in Turkey, l'Alliance Israélite, having its headquarters in Paris but generously supported by branches in Germany and other European countries, has worked valiantly since its inception some years ago, and with slowly growing success. Constantinople has a population of some- Adrianople in the eighteenth century was vividly described by Lady Mary Wortley Montagu in her account of her travels among the Turks, and she makes special references to the Jewish colony there. "I observed," she says, "that most of the rich tradespeople are Jews. That people are in incredible power siderable of their members. They are, many of them, vastly rich." The Jews of Bagdad number several thousand, and a recent traveller speaks of their condition as a fairly happy one. They live, all huddled together, in one quarter of the town; but they are under no compulsion to do so. Formerly the trade of Bagdad with India was largely in the hands of the Hebrews. Some thirty years ago the town was attacked by plague, and the Jews then left the city and camped in the wilderness. Here again l'Alliance Israélite has done its elevating work among the poorer classes. It has founded good schools for ordinary education, and is also trying to educate the boys of Bagdad along industrial lines. The Sassoon family, which originated in Bagdad in 1793, gives much-needed financial support to these institutions, and has a specially organised foundation to spread and encourage the study of English among the Jews here. The land of Persia has been connected with the history of the Jews ever since the days of the Babylonian captivity. Lord Curzon says: "They are usually compelled to live in Ghettos or separate quarters of the town. They have suffered from time immemorial from disabilities of occupation, dress, and habits, which have marked them out as social pariahs from their fellow-creatures. The majority of the Jews in Persia are engaged in trading in jewellery, in wine and opium manufacture, as musicians, dancers, scavengers, pedlars, and in other occupations to which is attached no respect. They rarely attain to a leading mercantile posi- The Jews of Bokhara, whose mother-tongue points to their Persian origin, suffered much in former centuries from Mohammedan fanaticism. Lord Curzon, in his book on "Russia in Central Asia," writes: "The Jews... are a singularly handsome people of mild features and benign aspect. Confined to an Oriental Ghetto, and from long, cruel a rope, and must wear a fur cap of a prescribed shape. They are monogamous, and renowned for their large families. Notwithstanding all oppression, they are wealthy, and have already acquired ownership of a number of houses built in the European style. China in opium. The Jews in India speak different tongues, varying with the country from which they originally hailed. Arabic is spoken by the Jews from Bagdad, Syria, and Southern Arabia; Persian and German are also heard among them. In Calcutta the Jews are in the front rank in commerce; several Hebrew houses have an international reputation. The richer Jews live in the best part of the town; the older ones still wear Arabian dress, though the coming generation affect modern ways and customs. There is a small colony of Jews in China, almost lost in that vast country. Throughout mediæval times, European Jews were ignorant of the fact that any of their coreligionists existed in Chinese territory until a Catholic missionary reported the existence of a settlement at Kai-Fung-Fu, the ancient capital of Honan, and of a few scattered about in other parts. These probably came originally from Bokhara. A fact of enormous interest to antiquaries and Jewish historians was the discovery of an ancient Jewish synagogue at Kai-Fung-Fu, which, though several times restored, still contained the ancient records of Jewish settlements. ### CHAPTER XIV ### THE JEW IN THE WORLD OF ART Sometimes, in weighing the qualities of the Jew, I feel inclined to divide him into a series of compartments with concrete divisions. We are all a compound of various personalities, which we are more inclined to recognise as a curiosity to ourselves than to admit to our friends. But in the case of the Jew the divisions are marked. There is no more materialistic creature on the earth than the Jew: grasping, calculating, unemotional, remorseless, and with none of the marrow of pity in his bones. The Jew, however, can also be a mystic, dreamy and tender; a visionary with exquisite ideals, impracticable, loving, swayed by the most delicate intuitions. riges con control sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprint sprin There is no Jewish music alien to other music, but which stirs the soul of the Jew, as national music gets hold of the Russian, the Italian, the Norwegian, and the Scot. Indeed, in art the Jew is the child-prodigy of his environment. # The Jew in the World of Art 279 we know could have been born nowhere on earth but in the United States, are written by Jews. What applies to music applies to literature and to painting. The Jew swiftly absorbs the characteristics of the country in which he is settled, just as he comes to develop a physique characteristic of his new country and a frame of thought which is typical of the people amongst whom he lives. There may be but one generation between the Jew of Damascus and the Jew of Chicago, yet what centuries of difference in mind there is between the two men! But the inquiry may be advanced: What would have been the course of European art if there had been no incursion of the Jews? The yeast is not the bread, but the yeast is an important factor in the production of the bread. The Jews were Semites; and if we carry our consideration to purely Oriental countries which have received no more than a surface association with western civilisation, we will find no relationship between the Oriental and the Occidental, though historic fact shows that the Jews provided a link, but not a bridge. In following Jewish history one comes upon too many remarkable instances, all on the same line, for us to dismiss them all I have heard it argued that the Jew is not ### The Jew in the World of Art 281 Proportionately, there are far more illiterates amongst Christians than amongst Jews. Various explanations may be provided. The most patent is that the Jew has a desire for knowledge—sometimes for its own worth, as in the case of the Christian; but generally because he is shrewd to appreciate its value in commercial undertakings. Then there is an enormous section of the non-Jewish population engaged in purely manual employment, in which anything of a literary nature is not required. On the other hand, however poorly educated a Jew may be, he engages in pursuits which require mental abilities rather than muscle, and the tendency is that he gradually becomes better educated. Educationally, therefore, the Jew never sinks; the Christian does so very often. ## The Jew in the World of Art 283 whether Disraeli would be read to-day if he had not become Prime Minister of Great Britain. In literary investigation needing care and enormous industry, the Jew has no peer. Many times I have gone to the "Jewish Encyclopædia" for my facts in this volume; and though an encyclopædia is not usually to be reckoned in the ranks of fascinating reading, I confess that frequently I have been fascinated with the stream of information it provided. The man chiefly responsible for it is Dr. Isidore Singer, and he, like so many modern Jews who have made their mark in the intellectual world, is of Hungarian birth. In speculative philosophy, the emancipated Jews—those who have escaped from the trammels of their faith and who have plunged, waist deep, in modern thought—have contributed much for which the rest of us are all the better. The personality, rather than the depth, of the philosophy of Henri Bergson has brought him before the public in recent years; he has certainly captivated France, and has been made an officer of the Legion of Honour. The accepted Shakespearean authority of the day is Sir Sidney Lee, whose name was formerly Lazarus. One of the most profound of living historians is Dr. Marcus Braun, of Breslau. We remember what Heine accomplished in poetry. Probably the first Jewish poet to-day is David Frischmann, a German Pole, and who just falls short of taking a place amongst the great poets of the world. Everybody acquainted with Russia knows how much the literature of that country is indebted to the influence of Jewish writers. We know the sort of stuff which the common people of America and England prefer to read, and it is a significant indication of taste that the poor Jewish immigrant, as soon as he knows our language, inevitably turns to more cultured fare than satisfies Christian folk of his own class. Paul von Heyse, the poet and novelist, who won the Nobel prize, was a Jew on his mother's side. In no field have the Jews been more fertile than in drama. We understand the Jew taking hold of the business of providing amusement in our great centres of population: there is money in it. Possibly the Jewish theatre owner is inclined to favour playwrights of his own race; but that must be a very small part of the reason the stage of to-day is supplied with so many dramas, comedies, and operas from Jewish pens. In recent times—and only in recent times—the ## The Jew in the World of Art 285 Dr. Joseph Klausner has enriched Hebrew literature by an excellent biography of the Jewish poet Ischernichowski. London University is represented in the House of Commons by Sir Philip Magnus. Hermann Gollancz is Goldsmid Professor of Hebrew at University College, London. Dr. Israel Abrahams is Doctor of Literature at Pennsylvania University. One of England's chief art critics, Mr. Marion H. Spielmann, is a Jew. One of the principal weekly contributors to \*Punch\* is Mr. Walter Emanuel. Mr. S. L. Bensusan, who writes so delightfully on travel, is one of the race. Dr. Ludwig L. Zamenhof, the originator of Esperanto, was born in the Pale of Russia. Professor Hermann Cohen, the greatest living Kantian philosopher, recently retired from the Chair of Philosophy at Heidelberg. Dr. Karl Joel, Professor of Philosophy at Basle University, was Rector Magnificus in 1913. It is almost inconceivable the debt which the world owes to the Jews in music. Germany, which boasts so much of its love for music, has had its taste fostered by the Jews. In a lesser degree the same may be said of England. The extraordinary musical development in America is directly traceable to Jewish support. The strenuous efforts of American Jews has made high-class music genuinely popular in the United States. Paderewski, like Rubenstein, is a Jew. So is Mr. Landon Ronald, the principal of the London Guildhall School of Music. So are Sir Frederic Cowen, the composer; Isidore de Lara, whose music is popular in every European city; Miss Alice Liebmann and Kreisler, the violinists; and Mark Hambourg and Emil Sauer, the pianists. Jews bring into # The Jew in the World of Art 287 the Russian Jew whose work has attracted attention at the Paris Salon, has tried to bring into existence a school of Jewish art; what he has only succeeded in doing is to band a number of Jewish artists to confine themselves to Jewish subjects. In the London Royal Exchange are two fine panels, one by Mr. Solomon J. Solomon, R.A., and the other by Mr. J. H. Amschewitz. Jews are good patrons of art. Mr. Israel Salomons has a wonderful collection of Jewish book plates; Lord Swaythling has a notable collection of pictures and old English silver; and Mr. Behrens has some of the finest engravings in the world. Though in what may be termed the artistic and literary world the Jew has not soared to the loftiest heights, he has displayed, in the comparatively short span that world has been open to him, an amazing fecundity of ability. On the commercial side of art—dealing—the Jew has shown foresight and strict judgment, which has enabled him swiftly to outdistance those who belong to other races. That the distinct Jew will ever be ranked amongst the "masters," I doubt. Not that he lacks the true strain, but because he only shows it when he is free; and freedom with him generally means de-Judaism. He will accomplish great things in the realm of culture; # The Jew in the World of Art 289 but just as he did so in Italy by losing his identity, he will repeat his achievements in ever-widening circles, though his personality will have disappeared, and the nation into which he has been absorbed will reap the honour. ### CHAPTER XV ### THE SUMMING UP In all frankness, I am not at all sure there is any need for this chapter. A summing up is usually an excuse for a writer to underline and accentuate the points which he has been elaborating at length in preceding pages. But I do not want the simple proposition I set out to demonstrate to be lost in a fog of discursiveness. In all the history of his race the Jew never occupied so commanding a position in the world as he does to-day—so commanding that the Gentile sometimes shivers when he marvels what will be the consequence. When the Gentile thinks—and does not put himself out of court in an explosion of exasperation against the Jewish wave of triumph—he is a little afraid. He admires the Jew but he does not like him. He casts his eye round the commercial world and, reckoning by what the Jew has done, arrives at a swift conclusion of inevitability that the Jew must master the earth. I have shown, however, that the modern Jew is as rapidly casting off his Judaism as opportunity will permit. So to-day the Jew, wrapped in the glory of world success, is really attending his own funeral. The more liberty he has, the more he commingles with other people, the less of a Jew he becomes. Wide-read and watchful Jews are quite aware of what is going on. Some mourn, some shrug their shoulders, some are glad at the emancipation, which means they will go into the melting pot of humanity and be valuable to the whole, though they will dissolve as a racial entity. Their death as a race is as certain as anything can be. There are over 12,000,000 Jews in the world. If the present processes continue, I doubt whether in a couple of hundred years there will be any people who will be Hebrews in the strict sense of the description as we understand it to-day. The race will have become absorbed by a multitude of nationalities. This will not be because the Gentile has whistled to them, "Come and link up with us." It will be because now the door is almost wide open the Jew will lose his individuality amongst other people, which has always been his disposition unless debarred by persecution or the unwillingness of Gentiles to allow them to enter into fellowship. It is a thrilling chapter in the history of peoples that the Jews, through so many vicissitudes, should have kept together. When, however, the Jew talks about the splendid cohesion of his people through centuries of trial, he is either ignorant or he is talking nonsense. The Jewish race has been cohesive; but this has not been due to the loyalty of the race to their tradition, but to the seclusion forced upon them by their enemies. We talk and write about the persistence of the Jew. Resistance, however, is the quality which has distinguished him. The attacks upon him have made him strong. Conciliation, friendliness, would have caused him to disappear centuries ago. Those people who are imbued with anti-Semitism, who desire to crush and exclude the Jew, are engaged in strengthening and consolidating the Jew race. Any attempt to ostracise the Jew only results in binding him closer to his faith and his race. Anti-Semitism does not obliterate the Jew; it stiffens him as a Jew. The enlightened countries, in extending freedom to the Jews, are, quite unconsciously, the genuine anti-Semites; for they are removing the bonds which hold the Jews together, and by dispersal and association and amalgamation with other races, seeing to his fusion and ultimate disappearance. The Jewish leaders who cry for equal treatment and the banding together of all Jewish peoples to maintain the purity of the race, are seeking for things which are contradictory. However sorrowful they may be over the fact, persecution has been their stronghold, and with the departure of persecution the Jew—and I mean the strict Jew, whose faith is the very soul of his life—begins to depart also. The present is the most momentous point in the history of the Jewish people. Amongst the great nations of the world all the shackles imposed on the Jews have been withdrawn or are falling away, and the only thing against them is a film of sentiment in particular sections of the populace. Like a bird released from a cramped cage, the Jewish race has spread its wings and flown far. To-day is the hour of triumph with the Jew. He was never so numerous, never held so strong a position in the world. Reckoning numbers with influence, he belongs to the supreme race. which I do not believe can ever be stayed unless the non-Judaic people once more throw the Jews back upon themselves. I dismiss any possibility of that happening; the world is too far advanced to resort to repression and persecution again. Whilst there are, and will long continue to be, noble Jews who cling with a passionate tenacity to their faith and keep warm in their hearts the pride of race, the vast mass of the new generation is too soaked in materialism to care anything for descent except to get away from it. In the past centuries the Jews, amongst themselves, were engaged in an unceasing conflict between their tribalism and their cosmopolitanism. Tribalism to-day is waning toward extinction, whilst the cosmopolitanism is being softened to nationalism. The Jews of France, Germany, Great Britain and America are much more Frenchmen, Germans, Britons, and Americans than they are Jews. That breaks one of the strongest links which formerly helped in holding the Jews together. I am aware of the movement amongst some of the younger Jews to get their people back to the fold, to fast on the day of Yom Kippur, to live kosher, and go to the synagogue. Their aims can be appreciated. But the way ardent Jews are constantly calling atten- tion to instances of children being more true to the faith than their parents is no evidence of a great wave of Judaism carrying Jews back to the faith, but is an acknowledgment of the direction of the flood sweeping the other way. As there is no such thing as complete annihilation, so we have to understand that the Jew will live in future generations of other races. His qualities will be dispersed, apparently lost; but they will be there all the same. The Jew, as such, is destined to go. As belonging, however, to the most wonderful people in the world, he will have triumphed, for the world will be indebted to him for much that it counts valuable in the progress of mankind. ### INDEX | Аввотт, G. F., quoted, 196, 201, 223, 224, 227, 263 | |-----------------------------------------------------| | Abrahams, Dr. Israel, 285 | | Adaptability of Jews, 35, 164. | | 281 | | Adelaide, Jews in, 143 | | Adler, Elkan Nathan, quoted on | | Buenos Aires, 248 | | Adrianople, Jews in, 268 | | Africa, South, Jews in, 11, 127, | | 146 | | Agnosticism, 6 | | Agriculture, 12, 37, 60, 105, 107, | | 140, 143, 147, 165, 200, 205, | | 209, 214, 232, 233, 234, 246, | | 248, 253, 258 | | Alaska Commercial Co., 99 | | Albu, Sir George, 153 | | Alexander II., intentions of, 198 | | Algeria, Jews in, 260 | | Alsace, ill-treatment in, 175 | | Altman's Store, 91, 108 | | American Hebrew, 73, 106 | | Amschewitz, J. H., 288 | | Amsterdam, diamond cutting, | | 18; receives Jewish refugees, | | 235, 236 | | Anglo-Californian Bank, 56 | | Antiquaries, 37 | | Anti-Semitism, absent in Great | | Britain, 42; in America, 79; | | in Germany, 156; League | | formed in Austria, 162, 163; | | in Germany and Austria, 171; | | in France, 179; unknown in | | Italy, 220; in Switzerland, | | 242; results of, 292 | | Archæology, 57, 192 | | | Commerce (continued)— 262, 264, 265, 266, 269, 271, 273, 274, 275, 276, 290 Consanguineous marriages, 136 Consular Service, 90, 151, 169, 251 Coolgardie, gold discovery at, 144 Copenhagen, Jews in, 241 Cotton exchange, 94; growing and trade, 95, 127, 256 Council of India, 139 Cowen, Sir Frederic, 286 Crédit Foncier, 190 — Mobilier of Paris, 55, 190 Cromwell, Oliver, encourages Jews in Jamaica, 154 Crusaders, enmity of, 173 Curaçao, Jews in, 246 Curzon, Lord, quoted, 273 Dairying, 62, 105, 247 Damascus, importance of, 255 Dancers, 272 De-Judaisation, causes of, 34, 217, 288, 291 Democratic ideal, 43 Denationalisation, 6 Denmark, Jews in, 240 Dentistry, 96 Department Stores, 13, 91, 94, 97, 126, 171 De Pass, Aaron and Elias, at Cape, 150 Diamond cutting, 238 ———————————————————————————————————— East End, conditions, 120 Education, 48, 63, 86, 88, 94, 97, 98, 99, 101, 102, 107, 125, 137, 148, 153, 164, 166, 167, 168, 187, 202, 209, 214, 224, 238, 248, 258, 260, 263, 264, 272, 282 Edward VII. and Jews, 113 Egypt, Jews in, 256 Ehrlich, Professor, 57, 168 Electrical appliances, 94 Emanuel, Frank, 287 ———, Walter, 286 Engineering, 37, 99, 141, 187 Engraving, 255 Erlanger, Baron, 190 Esperanto, invented by Jews, 63, 286 Esterhazy, Major, 181 Europe, Jewish population of, 10 Exploration, 58, 64 Family life, 83 Fels, Joseph, 100 Ferdinand of Spain, 64 Finance, 14, 38, 54, 55, 95, 99, 100, 115, 149, 153, 160, 164, 170, 172, 180, 184, 189, 205, 221, 222, 230, 242, 244, 260 Fisheries, 147, 150, 268 Fould, 55 France, Jews in, 11, 173, 174, 177 Frankau, Adolph, 125 Frankfort, Jews at, 15 Frederic, Harold, quoted, 194, 201 Freemasonry, 59, 90 French Revolution and Jews, 176, 238 Friedländer, Moritz, 99 Frischmann, David, 284 Frohman, Charles and Daniel, 110 Fruit trade, 53, 54, 125, 209 Fur trade, 94, 121, 126, 241 Furniture trade, 18, 94, 98, 121, 126 Hambourg, Mark, 286 Hamburg, benefited by Jews, 15 Handels-Gesellschaft, 55 Harris, Sir David, 153 Hart and Levy, 127 Hat-making, 231 Hatters, 233 Heine, 284 Hellmann, J. W., 99 Hendrick, Burton J., quoted, 103, 108 Henry, Colonel, 182 Heysi, Paul von, wins Nobel prize, 284 Hides trade, 146, 151 Hildesheimer, 125 Jacobi, Abraham, 96 Jacobs, Daniel, 152 —, Joseph, quoted, 37, 136 —, Hon. Simeon, C.M.G., 151 Jam trade, 125 Jamaica and Jews, 154 Jellinck, 56 Jerusalem, Jews in, 249 Jessel, Sir George, 138 Jewellers, 94, 95, 268, 272 Jewish Agricultural Society, 105 — Board of Guardians, 128 — Chronicle on America, 72, 84 — Colonisation Society, 60 Jewish Farmer, 106 — Territorial Organisation, 254 — Times, Montreal, 142 Joel, Dr. Karl, 286 Johannesburg, Jews in, 147 Joiners, 207 Joseph, Nathan, 131 Journalism, 33, 58, 97, 99, 124, 145, 171, 209 Keyser, Ephraim, 96 Kimberley, Jews in, 147 Kinemas, 110 Kisch, T. B., discovers Kimberley mine, 152 Klausner, Dr. Joseph, 285 Klaw and Erlanger, 111 Klein, Professor Felix, 57 Klotz, Minister of Finance, 189 Kreisler, Fritz, 286 Kruger, President, 149 Kuhn, Loeb and Co., 55, 96, 109 Lace trade, 126, 252 Land ownership, 94, 97, 103, 141, 158, 184, 210, 242 Landlords, 104, 123 Lara, Isidore de, 286 Lassalle, Ferdinand, 63 Law, 22, 38, 56, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 114, 124, 151, 152, 158, 166, 168, 169, 186, 234, 246, 256, 269 Lazard Frères, 55, 99 Learning, Jews and, 37, 157, 164, 192, 219, 221, 231, 281 Leather trade, 125 Lee, Sir Sidney, 283 Leeds, statistics of trade, 126 Leghorn, growth of, 221 Legislators, Jews as, 62, 63, 89, 90, 98, 115, 125, 136, 138, 140, 144, 148, 151, 153, 171, 184, 211, 233, 285 Leroy-Beaulieu, quoted, 34, 203 Levant, trade with, 14 Leventritt, David, 56, 96 Levy, Louis E., 100 Libre Parole, La, 180 Liebmann, Alice, 286 Lilienfield, Martin, 152 Limerick, Jews in, 128 Liquor trade, 108, 144, 200, 242 Lisbon, massacre of, 230 Literature, 33, 90, 126, 213, 219, 227, 241, 276, 279, 282, 284 Loans, national and international, 54 Lodz, industrial growth of, 208 Loeb, Professor Morris, 56 ——, financier, 95 London, sweating in, 19 Louis Seize, Jews under, 175 Loyola, Ignatius, and Jews, 229 Lucas, Mrs. Lionel, 134 Lueger, Dr., 163 Lund, Emil, 58 Lyon-Caen, 56 Lyons and Co., 125 Machinery, 98 Magazines, 96 Magnes, Dr., answers McClure's Magnus, Laurie, 128 —, Sir Philip, 285 Manual labour, dislike of, 45 Manufacturers, 97, 170, 241 Maranos, forcibly "converted," 226 Marks, Senator Samuel, 153 Marseilles benefited by Jews, 15 Marx, Karl, 63 Masons, 97 Mathematics, 38, 57, 126 Mayer, Gustavus, 125 Mayflower, 65 Mazzini, 220 Medicine, 22, 37, 57, 94, 96, 97, 131, 132, 166, 168, 174, 191, 209, 225, 234, 237, 240, 241, 244, 246, 268, 269, 273, 274 Meldola, Professor, 57 Mendelssohn, Berlin financier, 55 —, Moses, philosopher, 40 —, Sidney, quoted, 149, 152 Merino trade, 146 Metal working, 206 Metaphysics, 37, 38 Napoleon aids Jews, 177 —— III. dispatches warship to Tunis, 259 Natal, Jews in, 148, 150 Nathan, Sir Matthew, 139 National Union Bank of Berlin, 55 Navigation, 64 Navy, 186, 227, 236 Netherlands, Jewish population of, 11 Neumann, Sir Sigismund, 153 Nevada Convention, 56 Newspaper proprietors, 96, 98, 100, 117, 141, 142, 144, 145, 172, 189, 209, 211, 246 New South Wales, 143 —— York, Jews in, 2, 10, 17, 19 —— Zealand, Jews in, 145 Nijni-Novgorod Fair, 210 Nobel prize, 284 Nordau, Dr. Max, 85 Norway, Jews in, 11, 241 Nurses, 131 Odessa, Jews in, 14, 203, 208 Oil trade, 125, 210, 231 Opera, 90, 96, 110 Opium trade, 272, 276 Oppenheim, 125 Opticians, 18 Orange River Colony, Jews in, 148 Ostrich farming, 147, 149, 151 Oxford, Jews at, 137 Paderewski, 286 Paen, Jusif, 287 Pale in Russia, 198 Palestine, Jews in, 4, 11, 248, 253 Panama scandal, 180 Paper goods, 98, 206 — mills, 100, 206 Peddling, 74, 109, 115, 202, 231, 242, 245, 258, 259, 272 Pennsylvania, Jewish population of, 10 Perier, 55, 184, 189, 190 Persia, Jews in, 272 Peter the Great, 196 —, King and Jews, 234 Peters, Madison, quoted, 38, 112 Philanthropy, 60, 63, 83, 85, 89, 97, 153, 251 Phillips, Sir Lionel, 153 —, Sir Benjamin, 131 Philology, 37, 38, 192, 283 Philosophy, 38, 40, 162, 168, 190, 237, 286 Physicians, 96 Picard, André, 285 Queensland, Jews in, 143 Sulzberger, Judge, 96 Sutro, Alfred, 285 Swaythling, Lord, 288 Sweating, 19, 27, 93, 102, 113, 127 Sweden, Jews in, 242 Swimming, 58 Switzerland, Jews in, 243 Sydney, 143 Tailoring, 18, 27, 59, 94, 95, 98, 100, 102, 119, 121, 126, 128, 129, 130, 133, 202, 206, 207, 232, 233, 268 Talleyrand champions Jews, 177 Talmud, 11, 21, 79, 169, 282 Telephony, 90 Textiles, 210, 227 Theatres, 18, 50, 58, 89, 90, 96, 110, 124 The Melting Pot, 22, 30 Timber trade, 125, 145, 209, 210, 227 Tinsmiths, 233 Tobacco, 15, 18, 53, 54, 64, 109, 125, 171, 209, 247, 252, 271 Toronto, 142 Torres, Louis de, 16, 65 Trade unions, difficulties with, 100, 123 Trades in Jewish hands, 18 Tramway-men, 100 Transvaal, 148 Travel, 37, 58, 64 Treaty of Berlin, and Rumanian Jews, 233 Tripoli, Jews in, 258 Turistan-Bernard, 285 Tunis, Jews in, 258 Turkey, Jews in, 201, 262, 263, 265, 267 Umbrella making, 121, 130, 231 United States, Jews in, 4, 10, 15, 17, 41, 64, 76, 86, 90, 93 Upholstering, 122 Vanderbilt, Commodore, 110 Vanilla trade, 154 Vegetables, 247 Venice, trade of, 220, 221 Victoria, Australia, 143 Vienna, a new Jerusalem, 163 Vineyards, Jewish owned, 190 —, Jewish women in, 271 Vodka, sale abolished, 200 Voltaire, 175 Wagner, Richard, 33, 278 Wald, Miss Lillian, 88 Wallace, Sir Donald Mackenzie, quoted on Russia, 210 War of Independence, 65 —— loans, 54 Warburg, Paul, 56 Warfield, David, 90 Warsaw, pogrom at, 204; large Jewish population, 208 Warschauer, 55 Washington, George, receives Jewish support, 65 Watchmakers, 94, 207 Waterproof goods, 126 Weaving, 206, 227, 252, 255 Weingott, 125 Wertheimer, Joseph, devises Kindergarten, 63 ——, art dealer, 125 West Indies, Jews in, 11 Whaling, 147, 150 William III. favours Jews, 238 Wilson, President, 56 Wines, 209, 272 Winnipeg, 141 Wodehouse, Sir Philip, 152 Wolf, Dr., quoted, 48 ———————————————————————————————————— !\[\](\_page\_316\_Picture\_0.jpeg) !\[\](\_page\_317\_Picture\_0.jpeg) !\[\](\_page\_318\_Picture\_0.jpeg) !\[\](\_page\_319\_Figure\_0.jpeg) --- ## Navigation - Parent: [The Conquering Jew (1915) by Sir John Foster Fraser, 1868-1936](https://samisdat.in/books/the-conquering-jew-1915.md)