---
title: '1952 - Behind Communism - Frank L Britton'
url: 'https://samisdat.in/books/behind-communism-1952/read'
markdown: 'https://samisdat.in/books/behind-communism-1952/read.md'
lang: en
date: '2026-09-16'
description: "Behind COMMUNISM by FRANK L. BRITTON MADI MAD To understand the total problem of communism it is necessary that we trace the course of the movement from it's beginning down to the present. We must understand who it's originators were, and what they were, and we must gain some idea as to the force…"
---

# Behind COMMUNISM

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by FRANK L. BRITTON

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MADI MAD

To understand the total problem of communism it is necessary that we trace the course of the movement from it's beginning down to the present. We must understand who it's originators were, and what they were, and we must gain some idea as to the forces which influenced and shaped their philosophy.

Unfortunately, any deep-down discussion or communism and Marxism involves the Jewisl question. We cannot honestly discuss the subject without revealing—and commenting on—the fact that the founders of Russian communism were Jewish. Neither can we ignore the fact that all but a few of the top leadership of the

American communist party—including the recently convicted spyeare of the same race. These are facts of history over which we have no control. But we are faced with the very serious problem of how to reveal these facts without being labeled — and treated — as "anti-Semiter."

The main reason why so little is known concerning the true nature of communism stems from this problem. Historical writers have been understandably reluctant to hold forth on the subject for fear of marking themselves as "race haters" and bigots." For this reason the entire subject has been placed beyond the pale of discussion. One simply does not use the word "Jew" and "Communism" together. The result is, of course, censorship.

In this work we have decided to breach the wall of silence at what ever the cost, and to treat the subject as fairly and as honestly as we know how. No attempt is made to single out individuals because they hapened to be born to a certain race; neither have we exempted anyone from criticism for that reason. It was decided that since Communism and Judaism are so irretrievably bound one to the other, a history of the Jewish people would contribute substantially to an understanding of the present communist menace.

# THE PERSECUTION MYTH

### Vith Shrill Insistence

We cannot undertake even this brief history of the modern Jew without taking note of a phenomenon which has confounded gentile societies for twenty centuries. This is the ability of the Jewish people to collectively retain their identity despite centuries of exposure to Christian civilization. To any student of Judaism, or to the Jews themselves, this phenomenon is partly explained by the fact that Judaism is neither mainly a religion, nor mainly a reacial matter, nor yet it is imply a matter of nationality. Rather it is all three: it is a kind of trinity, Judaism is best described as a nationality built on the twin pillars of race and religion.

All this is closely related to another aspect of Judaism, namely, the persecution myth. Since first appearing in history we find the Jews propagating the idea that they are an abused and persecuted people, and this idea is, and has always been, central in Jewish thinking. The myth of persecution is the adhesive and cement of Judaism; with the provided have long since resealed to visit their realizabilities.

nationality notwithstanding

Jews do not always agree among themselves, and it is only in the presence of their enemies—real or imagined—that Jewish thinking crystalizes into unanimity. In this respect they differ not at all from other peoples: Adolph Hitler solidified German opinion around the idea that Germany was wronged at Versailles, that the German people were abused and victimized by the Allies, and that only by holding together could they prevail against the overwhelming might of their enemies. . . .

For twenty-five centuries the Jewish mind has been conditioned by the same appeal. Through all Jewish thinking and all Jewish history the refrain of persecution has sounded with shrill insistence. Thus we find every accident of fortune being chronicled, enhanced, and passed on to succeeding generations as another example of gentile cruelty to the chosen race. And almost inevitably we find opposition to Jewish sagirations and ambitions being translated into these same terms of persecution, and all Jewish shortcomings being excused on the same

Now it is a fact that the Jewish people have suffered numerous hardships in the course of their history, but this is true of other peoples too. The chief difference is that the Jews have kept score — they have made a tradition of persecution. A casual slaughter of Christians

is remembered by no one in 50 years, but a disability visited upon a few Jews is preserved forever in Jewish histories. And they tell their woes not only to themselves, but to a sympathetic world as well...

# THE JEW IN EUROPE

### Even The Coins Were Jewish

We find the first Jews filtering into Europe some time before the Christian era, particularly in the region of Greece. The ancient Greeks spoke of these Asiatic invaders with considerable bitterness. Very quick ly they spread throughout the Roman Empire and into Europe proper The Jewish merchant, artisan, and slave trader appear on the Roman scene with increasing frequency after the second century A.D. and there can be no doubt that their position in the Roman world was one of growing importance even as the Empire drifted to destruction Under Justinian, says the Jewish Encyclopedia. "They enjoyed full re ligious liberty, in return for which they assumed all a citizen's duty toward the state; minor offices were also open to them. Only the synagogues were exempt from the duty of quartering soldiers. The trade in slaves constituted the main source of livelihood for the Roman Jews and decrees against this traffic were issued in 335, 336, 339, 384, etc.

aping the Jews, and some historians (notably Gibbon in his monumenta "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire") have ascribed the downfall or Rome to their corrupting influence. Nero's wife. Poppage. was a con

verted Jewess

As Rome reeled into decline and final collapse, and as the Dark Ages descended over Western civilization, we find the Jew taking a strangle-hold over what remained of European commerce. Says Encyclopedia Britannica': "... there was an inevitable tendency for him to specialize in commerce, for which his acumen and ubiquity gave him special qualifications. In the dark ages the commerce of western Europe was largely in his hands, in particular the slave trade, and in Carollingian cartularies Jew and merchant are used as almost interchangeable terms." This hold over European commerce finally became so utterly complete that few gentiles engaged in trade at all: it had become almost entirely a Jewish monopoly. In Poland and Hungary, the coins bore Jewish inscriptions . . .

1\. Funk & Wagnall's Jewish Encyclopedia, page 460, vol. 10-

"Dark Ages," "Medieval Period," and "Middle Ages" are synonomous terms used to describe the period of decline which characterized western civilization between 500-1300 A.C.

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Jewish catacombs in Rome dating from the second century A.D.

Throughout the Medieval period\*, which lasted from 500 A.D. to 1300 A.D., the Jew merchant was dominant all over Europe (except Scandanavia, where he was never permitted to enter) and this dominance included control over the eastern trade routes to the Levant. There was to be no relief from this situation until the Jews were evicted from Europe in the century directly preceding the Renaissance.

In 1215 the Catholic Church, at the Fourth Lateren Council, broke the back of European Jewry with a set of restrictions designed to curb their commercial monopoly. These decrees restricted Jews to residence in their own communities, prohibited absolutely their hirring of Christian employees and prohibited them from engaging in many types of commercial activity.

### Expelled

The Fourth Lateren Council restricted Jewish commercial advantage but it did not end the Jewish problem. Beginning in the latter part of the 13th century, one European country after another expelled it's

NOTE: Encyclopedia Britannica is used as a reference source because of its ready availability to the average reader. It is not an "anti-Semitic" publication, In fact, the Encyclopedia Britannica Corporation was purchased by the Julius Rosemvald interests in 1790, and the Javika Juliodo. The Company of the Company of the Seminary of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company of the Company o

The FUNK & WAGNALL JEMISH ENCYCLOPEDIA (see preceding page) is uniformly referred to throughout this work as the "Jewish Encyclopedia". Consisting of 12 volumes, it is available in all major libraries. It should not be confused with the 10 volume "Universal Jewish Encyclopedia", builshided by Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Inc., New York, 1939.

Jewish population as the only final solution to the problem. First to take the step was England which banned them in 1290. Fifteen years later, in 1306, the French followed suit. In steady succession the various States of Europe emulated this example with Spain being one of the last to enforce the ban in 1492. The situation in Spain is worth noting Says Encyclopedia Britannica: ".... The 14th century was the golden age of their history in Spain. In 1391 the preaching of a priest of Seville, Fernando Martenez, led to the first general massacre of the Jews who were envied for their prosperity and hated because they were the king's tax collectors." Ferdinand and Isabella, after uniting Spain and driving out the Moors, turned their attention to the Jewish problem, with the result that they were evicted completely in 1492. In 1498 Portugal evicted its Jewish population also.

# The Exploiters

A great deal has been said about the "persecution" of the Jew-\\nin Europe and elsewhere, and they have pretty well convinced the
world (or at least Americans) that these hardships were inflicted or
an innocent people. But these rich Spanish Jews we see being evictee\\nin 1492 were not down-trodden folk. They were the weelthy, the priv-\\nilged, the exploiters: they were the well-fed merchants and the gouging
tax collectors...

So it was in Portugal; in that country we find that the deportation of the Jews . . "deprived Portugal of its middle class and its most scientific traders and financiers." \*\* Undeniably this class of traders and financiers was put to hardship by this banishment, but it does not follow that they were victims of discrimination in the accepted sense of were they underprivileged in any way. Rather we see a wealthy mer chant group being ousted from its seat of vested privilege by a thoroughly outraged, and a thoroughly exploited Christian society . . .

The situation in England was similar. The Jaws had come to Eng land in the wake of the Norman conquest and had quickly gained a position of wealth and prosperity. Says Valentine's Jawish Encyclopedia of this periods. "Their numbers and prosperity increased, Aaron or Lincoln being the wealthiest man in England in his time . . . his financia transactions covering the whole country and concerning many of the leading nobles and churchmen . . . On his death his property passed to the crown and a special branch of the exchequer had to be created to deal with it."

Encyclopedia Britannica, page 57, vol. 13—1947.
Encyclopedia Britannica, page 279, vol. 18—1947.

\* Valentine's Jewish Encyclopedia (see Aaron of Lincoln), Shapiro Valentine Co. London—1938.

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century. In his day, Aaron was riched then any prince or nobleman in England. Edward I conqueror o Wales and one of England's great monarchs, evicted the Jews because they were monopolizing England's wealth.

### England

England, inonically enough, was the last country to be invaded by the Jews and the first to evict them. After the Fourth Lateren Council the Jews had become increasingly difficult to deal with and there were a number of anti-Jewish riots. Perplexed by the problem posed by this alien minority which seemed well on its way to corralling the kingdom's wealth, and failing in an attempt to force the scrimilation Edward.

confiscated all Jewish wealth and evicted them permanently in 1290. Not until 1655 was a Jew legally permitted to re-enter England. Britain thus established the precedent for the later eviction which soon followed on the continent.

### France

In France too the Jews were dominant in trade and finance and had been since before Charlemagne's time. Under Philip; the Fair \[1285-1314\] one of the last, and certainly one of the greatest of the Capetian line. France had become the greatest power in Europe. It was Philip's need for money which led him to seize Jewish wealth and drive them from the country. He had already before 1306 taken desperate measures to raise money, which was in short supply, by forbidding the export of gold and silver from France. The same need for money broughth him into conflict with the Templars, whose wealth he also seized. But it was the Jews who controlled the greatest supply of floating wealth. In 1306 Philip solved his financial problem — and France's Jewish problem—by expropriating their wealth and evicting them. Thus ended the centuries-long commercial dominance of the Jew in France. Later a few were permitted to return and these were in turn ejected in 1394.

# RETURN TO THE EAST

### The Evictions

Space does not permit a detailed discussion of the other eviction: which followed, and which resulted in the banishment of the Jews from virtually every country in Western Europe in the succeeding centuries but here in chronological order is a list of the evictions:

ENGLAND: Jews expelled in 1290 by Edward I Not permitted t

e-enter till 1655.

FRANCE: Expelled in 1306 by Philip the Fair. A few were permitted to return, but were again evicted in 1394. Jewish settlements remained in Bordeaux, Avignon, Marseilles, (from where they were evicted in 1682) and in the northern province of Alexae.

SAXONY: Expelled in 1349

HUNGARY: By 1092 the Jews were in control of Hungary's tax collections. In 1360 they were expelled but later returned. In 1582 they were again expelled from the Christian part of Hungary.

BELGIUM: Expelled in 1370. A few settled there again in 1450, but

no large numbers came till 1700

SLÓVAKIA: Ousted from Prague in 1380. Many settled there again after 1562. In 1744 Marie Theresa expelled them again.

AUSTRIA: Expelled in 1420 by Albrecht V.

NETHERLANDS: Expelled from Utrecht in 1444.

SPAIN: Expelled in 1492.

LITHUANIA: Expelled in 1495 by Grand Duke Alexander. They arer returned.

PORTUGAL: Expelled in 1498.

PRUSSIA: Expelled in 1510

ITALY: Expelled from Kingdom of Naples and Sardinia in 1540.

BAVARIA: Banned permanently in 1551.

Jews were not permitted to enter Sweden until 1782. None were permitted to enter Denmark before the 17th century and they were not allowed in Norway after 1814. Today only a handful reside in all Scandinavia.

### Back to Poland

By 1500 all of Western Europe except northern Italy, parts of Germany, and the Papal possessions around Avignon, had been rid of the Jewish invasion. For a while, at least, Europe was free of the Jews; not until 1650 did they return in any numbers. Says Encyclopedia Britannica: "The great mass of the Jewish people were thus to be

found once more in the East, in the Polish and Turkish empires . . . . The few communities suffered to remain in western Europe were mean-while subjected at last to all the restrictions which earlier ages had usually allowed to remain as an ideal; so that in a sense, the Jewish dark ages may be said to begin with the Renaissance.

# THE RENAISSANCE

As the Jew Departed . . .

The period marked by the evictions — 1300 to 1650 — also marks the period of the Renaissance which broke over Europe as the Jews departed. Starting at first in the trading cities of northern Italy in about 1300, there began a great rebirth of culture and learning which at first was based almost entirely on the writings of the ancient Greeks and Romans. Very quickly this renascent culture spread over Europe and when the age had ended, in about 1650, Europe was by comparison with her former status, enlightened and civilized. Quite obviously all this could not have taken place had it not been for a great upsurge of commercial activity which occurred simultaneously with, and as an adjunct of, the Renaissance. Not until the nations of Europe had wrested commercial control from the ghetto did this rebirth of western civilization occur.

### The Ghettos

"Wherever Jews have settled, since the beginning of the Disspora, they have proceeded to create their own communal organizations. Various factors of an internal character—religious, cultural, social, and economic—as well as external factors, have contributed to this factor" \[Page\_201, The Jewish People, Past and Present, by the Central Yid-

dish Culture Organization (CYCO), New York).

It is virtually impossible to comprehend the character of Judaism without some knowledge of the nature of the Medieval Jewish community (Kahal: Ghetto). Probably one of the commonest fallacies extant today concerns the true origin of the ghetto. Most history books defer to Jewish sensibilities by giving the Jewish version, namely that the Jewish people were for centuries forced to reside in a special quarter that could be a resulted for the bigotry and intolerance of the Christian majority. This is not true, and no scholar of Judaism believes it to be. Vicenties, Jewish Encyclopedia describes the engine of the check as follow: "Many rate the word became general for a Jew's quarter. Already in antiquity the Jew violutarity cocycled special quarters. In the Middle Agas, such stress to Jewist, were to be found or religiour or social: trade caused them to settle near the market, or danger made them seek protection of the reigning prince, the protection of have them together turned into a compulsory Kenton. — The concentration of Jews in Ghettes, although unitended, had in good results. If preserved the community feeling and the traditional Jewish culture."

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mon concerns, and a strong sense of solidarity fortified by a uniform way of life."

For ten centuries preceding the great evictions, in virtually every Christian nation of Europe (and in Mohammedan Spain, Africa, and Asia Minor) these Jews settled into these parasitic ghetto-communities and here they nurtured and maintained a culture which was quite a thing

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Notes Gare or the Juwar at Carpentias.

Of the Twent de Dabbalant.

In France, as in other countries, the Jews establis
their parasitic ghetto-communities. The one
Carpentras dates from the middle ages.

spart from the culture of the European. When finally they were driven from Western Europe in the centuries preceding the Rensisance, we find them settling and establishing ghetocommunities in Poland and Russia which have lasted down to the present day, the Medieval ghethod the contraction of the Densis of the Dark Ages — it was rensferred, unimpaired, to Eastern Europe, where the majority of the world's Jews

The institution of the ghetho has enabled two bas-\\nically different cultures and peoples to remain side by side—one Asiatic and Judaic, the other Europear and Christian—without becoming integrated. It is primarily for this reason that of centuries of exposure to
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marily for this reason that the Jaw has remained an alien in spite of centuries of exposure to Christian civilization. And that is why the Spanish Jew remained a Jew first and a Spaniard second, and why the Polish Jew, the Russian Jew, and the German Jew, have given their first allegiance to Judah and rendered a sort of second-hand loyalty to the country of their abode.

### The Chazars

The modern Jew with his Yiddish culture and rapacious financial traditions should not be confused with the biblical Hebrews, who were mainly a pastoral people. The international Jew of modern times is

indeed the bastardized product of a bastardized past. He does not truly worship the Bible, but the Talmud; he does not speak Hebrew, but Yiddish; he is not descended from Israel, but from the scum of the eastern Mediterranean. This is vividly illustrated by H. G. Wells in his great "Outline of History".

"The Jewish idea was and is a curious combination of theologica breadth and an intense racial patriotism. The Jews looked for a specia saviour, a Messiah, who was to redeem mankind by the agreeable process of restoring the fabulous glories of David and Solomon, and bringing the whole would at last under the benevolent but firm Jewish

![](https://samisdat.in/user/pages/03.books/1952%20-%20Behind%20Communism/read/_page_11_Picture_2.jpeg?g-16018011)

Typical late 19th century Jewish family of Cracow \[Poland). Believing themselves to be of the "chosen race," they dream of the day when they will "inherit the earth." More than three millions of these Polish-Russian Jews have immigrated to the U.S. Most American Jews are of eastern European origin.

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vigorous proselytism alternated with phases of exclusive jealousy in Jewish history. On one occasion the Idumeans, being conquered, were all forcibly made Jews. Josephus There were Arab tribes who were Jews in the time of Muhammad, and a Turkish people who were mainly Jews in South Russia in the ninth century. Judaism is indeed the reconstructed political ideal of many shattered peoples—mainly Semitic It is to the Phoenician contingent and to Aramean accessions in Baby on that the financial and commercial tradition of the Jews is to be ascribed. But as a result of these coalescences and assimilations, almost everywhere in the towns throughout the Roman Empire, and fai beyond it in the east, Jewish communities traded and flourished, and were kept in touch through the Bible, and through a religious and edu "Oulline of History", pase 474-8, hint edition, by 16. Wells.

cational organization. The main part of Jewry never was in Judea and had never come out of Judea."

The, "Turkish" people who me wells mentioned were the "Chazars, who built an empire in south Russia in the 9th century A. D. This Chazar empire was infiltrated by large numbers of By process of intermarriage and conversion these Chazars became identified as Jews, and in all Jewish his tories and encytopedias the

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Map Showing the Distribution of Religions in Europe in the Tenth Century, c.z., Indicating Extent of the Kingdom of the Chazars.

The above map, taken from Funk & Wagnall's Jewish Encyclopedia, shows the extent of the Chazar Empire in the 10th century. The modern Jew is descended from a mixture of Asiatic peoples, largely Semitic in origin, but not Hebraic.

and "Jew" are used interchangeably. In the tenth century, a succession of invasions destroyed the Chazar empire and large numbers of these Chazar-Jews settled in the area of what is now Poland. Others found their way to western Europe and Spain, where they mingled with the already bastardized conglomeration of European Jewry.

### oland's Fate

These Jews we find settling in Poland in the early 14th century came there at the invitation of Casimir I, who seems to have beer under strong Jewish influence. As early as the 10th century the Jews (chiefly of Khazar origin) were influential in Poland, and by the 12th century they were well enough entrenched to monopolize the coinage of Poland's money. Says the Jewish Encyclopedia: "'Coins unearthed in 1872 in the Great Polish village of Glenbok show conclusively that in the reigns of Mieczyslaw III (1173-1209), Casimir, and Leshek (1194-1205), the Jews were, as stated above, in charge of the coinage of Great and Little Poland." It is interesting to note that these coins bore Jewish as well as Polish inscriptions.

Funk & Wagnall's Jewish Encyclopedia, page S6, vol. 10.

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Polish coins bearing Jewish inscriptions. Jews co trolled Europe's money supply during Dark Age

The history of Poland for the next 3 centuries revolves around the struggle for supremacy between the native Polish people and the Jews. During the greater part of that time Poland was more or less dominated by the Jews — a situation most beneficial to all, according to Jewish history books. But when, as occasionally happened, there was a lapse in Jewish fortunes, these same

histories are replete with accounts of gentile cruelty and bestiality to the chosen race. And because these laments have been repeated often enough and loudly enough, there is a widely held belief that Poland

has been a land of oppression for Jewry . .

It has been the unhappy fate of Poland to be saddled for the greater part of its history with a large proportion of the world's Jewis population. This, more than anything else, accounts for the tragic dis unity which has kept Poland from taking its place among the great na tions of the earth.

In 1793 (third partition) Poland was divided between Prussia, and

full fledged Jewish problem

### Russia

The third partition of Poland was an event of paramount significance in Russian history because as a by-product of the partition she acquired the world's largest Jewish population. From this moment or Russia's history became hopelessly intertwined with the Jewish problem, and eventually, as we shall relate, the Jews brought about the downfall of Imperial Russia.

No one can possibly understand the nature of present day communism, nor of Zionism, without some knowledge of the situation existing in Russia in the century preceding the October revolution of 1917. We have already noted the presence of Khazar Jews in Poland in the 10th century, and these same Khazar Jews are to be found in Russi from that time on. But whereas Poland had invited the evicted Jews of western Europe to settle in vast numbers within its boundaries in the 13th, 14th, and 15th centuries, the Imperial Russian government had permitted no such immigrations, and had in fact sealed its borders to them. As would be expected, therefore, the Imperial government was something less than enthusiastic over this sudden acquisition of Poland's teeming masses of Jews.

### Pale of Settlement

From the very beginning the Tsarist government imposed a set of restrictions designed to protect Russie's economy and culture from the inroads of the Jew. It was decreed (in 1772) that Jews could settle in Greater Russia, but only in certain areas. Within this "Pale of Settle-rent" Jews were more or less free to conduct their affairs as they pleased. But travel or residence beyond the Pale was rigidly restricted, so that in 1897 (date of Russia's 1st census) 93.9% of Russias Jewish population lived within its boundaries, and only 6% of the total resided in other parts of the Empire. To prevent smuggling, no Jew was permitted to reside within 50 versits of the border.

From the standpoint of Jewish history, the Pale of Jettlement Palms as one of the most significant factors of modern times. Here within a single and contiguous area the greater part of Jewry had gathered, and was to remain, for something like 125 years. For the first time Jewry was subjected to a common environment and a common ground of experience. Out of this common experience and environment there

have the great movements of Zionism and Communism.

### The Kahal

We have already remarked upon the habit of Jewry from ancient times of establishing and maintaining their own tribal community (kahal) within the framework of Christian society. We have noted also that as the Jew was driven from Western Europe, he brought with him to Poland this ancient custom. The Kahal was an established institution in Poland, and as the Jews settled within the Pale they set up these autopromises communities bere too.

At first the Imperial government recognized the autonomous Kahla organization, permitting them to raise taxes and set up courts of law, where only Jewish litigants were concerned. In addition to the individual communities, there were district Kahal organizations which at first were permitted to assess local Jewish communities with taxes. In 1786 these privileges were drastically curtailed and Jews were thereafter obliged to appear before ordinary courts of law and the Kahal organization was restricted to matters of a religious and social nature.

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The Pale of Settlement extended from the Crimes to the Baltic Sea, encompassing an area balf as great a vestern Europe. By 1917, seven million Jeav resided there, comprising perhaps half the world's total Jewish population. It was within the Pale of Settlement that the twin philosophies of Communism and Calonium flourished. Both movements grew out of Jewish halted of Christian civilization (persecutor of the "chosen race"), and both movements have prepared wherever years have minigrated. The Pale of Settlement has been the reservoir from prepared wherever have have minigrated. The Pale of Settlement has been the reservoir from

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Tsar Alexander I

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In 1844 Nicholas I further antagonized Jewry by abolishing the institution of the Kahal, and in that

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Isar Nicholas I

and that all but a handful of these are from the Pale, or are descendents of emigrants from the Pale.

It is worth nothing that half of the world's Jewish population now resides in the U

same year he prohibited by law the traditional Jewish garb, specifying that all Jews should, except on ceremonial occassions, dress in conformity with Russian standards. These measures, and many others like them, were aimed at facilitating the assimilation of lower laws.

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Typical male attire of a late 19th century lew. A different mode of dress, a different language, and a different culture helped him retain his Jewishness.

life. The Tsarist government wa much concerned by the Jew's fail ure to become Russianized, and viewed with extreme hostility the ancient Jewish custom of main taining a separate culture, lang uage, mode of dress, etc.—all o which contributed to keep the Jew and alien in the land of hit residence. It is to this determination to "Russianize" and "civilize" the Jew that we can ascribe the unusual efforts made by the Imperial government to provide free education to its Jews. In 180° all schools were thrown open to Jews and aftendance for Jewish children and made compulsory Compulsory education was no:

any country in the early 19th century. In Russia education was generally reserved for a privileged few, and even as late as 1914 only 55% of her gentile population had been inside a school. The net result of the properties of the program was that Russian Jewry became the best educated segment in Russia. This eventually worked to the destruction of the Tasrist government.

The reign of Alexander II marked the apex of Jewish fortunes in Tsarist Russia. By 1880 they were becoming dominant in the professions, in many trades and industries, and were beginning to filter into government in increasing numbers. As early as 1861 Alexander II had permitted Jewish university graduates to settle and hold governmental positions in greater Russia, and by 1879 apothecaries, nurses, midwives, dentists, distillers, and skilled craftsmen were permitted to work and reside throughout the empire.

Nevertheless Russia's Jews were increasingly rebellious over the remaining restraints which still bound the greater part of Russian Jewry to the Pale of Settlement, and which, to some extent at least, restricted their commercial activities. Herein lay the dilemma: the Imperial government could retain certain of the restrictions against the Jews, and by doing so incur their undying hostility, or it could remove all restraints and thus pave the way for Jewish domination over every phase of Russian life. Certainly Alexander viewed this problem with increasing concern as time went on. Actually it was a problem capable of being solved.

Alexander II lost a considerable amount of his enthusiasm for liberal causes after an attempt was made to assassinate him in 1866. He dismissed his "liberal" advisors and from that time on displayed an inclination toward conservatism. This is not to say he became anti-Jewish, but he did show more firmness in dealing with them. In 1879 there was another attempt on his life, and another in the following year when his winter palace was blown up. In 1881 a plot hatched in the

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ost benevolent prince at ever ruled Russia."

an era. Was successful. Alexander II was

### The New Policy

The reaction to the assassination of Alexander II was instantaneous and far reaching. There was a widespread belief, in and out of the government, that if the Jews were dissatisfied with the rule of Alexander II—whom the crypto-Jew, D'Israeli, had described as "the most benevolent prince that ever ruled Russia"—then they would be satisfied with nothing less than outright domination of Russia.

Up to 1881. Russian policy had consistently been directed in an attempt to "Russianize" the Jew, preparatory to accepting him into full citizenship. In line with this policy, free and compulsory education for Jews had been introduced, repeated attempts had been made to encourage them to settle on farms, and special efforts had been made to encourage them to engage in the crafts. Now Russian policy was reversed. Hereafter it became the policy of the Imperial government to prevent the further exploitation of the Russian people by the Jews, Thus began the death strugale between Tsar and Jew.

All through 1881 there was widespread anti-Jewish rioting all over the empire. Large numbers of Jews who had been permitted to settle beyond the Pale of Settlement were evicted. In May of 1882 the May Laws (Provisional Rules of May 3, 1882) were imposed, thus imple

menting the new governmental policy.

The May Laws shook the empire to its foundations. The following passage is taken from Encyclopedia Britannica: "The Russian May Laws were the most conspicuous legislative monument achieved by modern anti-Semitism... Their immediate results was a ruinous commercial depression which was felt all over the empire and which profoundly affected the national credit. The Russian minister was at his wits ends for money. Negotiations for a large loan were entered upon with the house of Rothschild and a preliminary contract was signed, when ... the finance minister was informed that unless the persecutions of the Jews were stopped the great banking house would be compelled to withdraw from the operation . . In this way anti-Semitism, which had already so profoundly influenced the domestic policies of Europe, set its mark on the international relations of the powers, for it was the urgent need of the Russian treasury quite as much as the termination of Prince Bismark's secret treaty of mutual neutrality which brought about the France-Russian alliance."

Thus, within a period of 92 years (from the 3rd partition to 1882) the Jews, although constituting only 4.2%, of the population, had been able to entrench themselves so well in the Russian economy that the nation was almost bankrupted in the attempt to dislodge them. And, as we have seen, the nation's international credit was also affected.

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---

After 1881 events served increasingly to sharpen the enmity of Jewry toward Tsarism. The May Laws had not only restricted Jewish economic activity, but had attempted—unsuccessfully, as we shall see—to preserve Russia's cultural integrity, Hereafter Jews were permitted to attend state-supported schools and universities, but only in ratio to their population. This was not unreasonable since Russia's schools were flooded with Jewish students while large numbers of her gentile population were illiterate, but to the Jews this represented another bitter "persecution," and all the world was acquainted with the enor-

On May 23rd a delegation of Jews neaded by Baron Gunzberg called on the new Tsar (Alexander III) to protest the May Laws and the alleged discrimination against Jewry. As a result of the investigation which followed, Tsar Alexander issued an edict the

following Sept. 3rd, a part of which is given here:

"For some time the government has given its attention to the Jews and to their relations to the rest of the inhabitants of the empire, with a view of ascertaining the sad condition of the Christian inhabitants brought about by the conduct of the Jews in business matters...

During the last twenty years the Jews have gradually possessed themselves of not only every trade and business in all its branches, but also of a great part of the land by buying or farming it. With few exceptions, they have as a body devoted their attention, not to enriching or benefiting the country, but to defrauding by their wiles its inhabitants, and particularly its poor inhabitants. This conduct of theirs has called forth protests on the part of the people, as manifested in acts of violence and robbery. The government, while on the one hand doing its best to put down the disturbances, and to deliver the Jews from oppression and slaughter, have also, on the other hand, thought it a matter of urgency and justice to adopt stringent measures in order to put an end to the oppression practiced by the Jews on the inhabitants, and to free the country from their malpractices, which were, as is known, the cause of the agitations."

It was in this atmosphere that the twin movements of Marxism and Zinism began to take hold and dominate the mass of Russian Jewry. Ironically, both Zionism and Marxism were first promulgated by westernized German Jews. Zionism, whose chief advocate was Theodore Herzl, took root in Russia in the 1880's in competition with Marxism, whose high priest was Karl Marx, grandson of a rabbi. . . Eventually every Russian Jew came to identify himself with either one or the other of these movements.

or mose movements

# THE TERROR SECTION

As an outgrowth of this political fermentation, there appeared at the beginning of the century one of the most remarkable terroristic organizations ever recorded in the annals of history. This was the Jewish dominated Social Revolutionary Party, which between 1901 and 1906 was responsible for the assassination of no less than six first ranking leaders of the Imperial government, including Minister of Education Begolepov (1901): Minister of Interior Sipyagin (1902): Governor of Ufa Bogdonovich (1903): Premier Viachelav von Plehve (1904): Grand Duke Sergei, uncle of the Tsar (1905): and General Dubrassov, who had Ratias and Turker; the 18th Century by E. M. Laffirer, page 312. 6. MCCliff. 18 6.

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The Jew, Gershuni, masterminded the Terror against the Tsar's min isters. Meanwhile, Jews the world over spread hate propaganda against the Imperial government

suppressed the Moscow insurrection (1906).

Chief architect of these terroristic activities was the Jew, Gershuni, who headed the "terror section" of the Social Revolutionary Party. In charge of the "lighting section" was Yevno Azev, son of a Jewish tailor, and one of the principal founders of the party.

Azev later plotted, but was unable to carry out, the assassination of 187 Nicholas II. He was executed in 1909 and Gershuni was sentenced to life imprisonment. This marked the end of the terroristic activities of the party, but the effect of these political mur-

oers was far reaching. Never again was the royal family, or its ministers free from the fear of assassination. Soon another prime minister would be shot down—this time in the very presence of the Tsar. This was the backdrop for the revolution of 1905.

# **BLOODY SUNDAY**

The revolution of 1905, like that of 1917, occurred in an atmosphere of war. On Jan. 2nd, 1905, the Japanese captured Fort Arthur, and thereby won the decisive victory of the war. Later in January there occurred a tragic incident which was the immediate cause of the 1905 revolution, and which was to affect the attitude of Russia's industrial population toward the Tsar for all time. This was the "Bloody Sunday" affair.

The Imperial government, in its attempts to gain the favor of the industrial population, and in its search for a way to combat Jewish revolutionary activity, had adopted the tactic of encouraging the formation of legal trade unions, to which professional agitators were denied membership. These trade unions received official recognition and were protected by law.

## Father Gapor

One of the most outstanding trade union leaders—and certainly the most unusual—was Father Gapon, a priest in the Russian Orthodox Church. On the day Port Arthur fell a number of clashes occurred in 20

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these attempts failed.

On October 20th the Jewish Menshevik-led All-Russian Railway union went on strike. On the 21st a general strike was called in Peters berg, and on the 25th there were general strikes in Moscow, Smolensk Kursk, and other cities.

# PETERSBERG SOVIET

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President of the 1905 Petersberg Soviet was Trotsky. In 1917 he was president of the second Petersberg Soviet during the Bolshevik Revolution.

### Trotzky in Power

On October 26th the revolutionary Petersberg Soviet was founded. This Petersberg Soviet assumed the functions of a national government. It issued decrees, proclaimed an eight hour day, freedom of the press, and otherwise exercised the prerogatives of a government.

inated by the Menshevik faction of the Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party, elthough the Social Revolutionary Party was also represented. Its first president was the Menshevik, Zborovski, who was succeeded by Georgii Nosar. He in turn was succeeded by Lev Totzky, who chief-social control is a succeeded by Lev Totzky, who chief-social country is the succeeded by Lev Totzky, who chief-social country is succeeded by Lev Totzky, who chief-social country is succeeded by Lev Totzky, who chief-social country is succeeded by Lev Totzky, who chief-social country is succeeded by Lev Totzky, who chief-social country is succeeded by Lev Totzky, who chief-social country is succeeded by Lev Totzky, who chief-social country is succeeded by Lev Totzky, who chief-social country is succeeded by Lev Totzky, who chief-social country is succeeded by Lev Totzky, who chief-social country is succeeded by Lev Totzky, who chief-social country is succeeded by Lev Totzky, who chief-social country is succeeded by Lev Totzky, who chief-social country is succeeded by Lev Totzky, who chief-social country is succeeded by Lev Totzky, who chief-social country is succeeded by Lev Totzky, who chief-social country is succeeded by Lev Totzky, who chief-social country is succeeded by Lev Totzky.

ing spirits of the October revolution in 1917

and a week later some 300 members of the Soviet, including Trotky, were arrested. The revolution was almost, but not quite over.

### arvus

On Dec. 20th the Jew, Parvus, assumed control of a new executive committee of the Soviet and organized a general strike in Petersberg which involved 90,000 workers went on strike in Moscow, and there were insurrections in Chita, Kansk, and Rostov. But within a week the government had gained the upper hand and by the 30th of December the revolution was one.

### After 1905

As an outcome of the 1905 revolution, Tsar Nicholas II set about remedying the shortcomings of his regime in a most commendable manner. At his decree, Russia was given representative government and a constitution. An elective legislative—the Duma—was established, and free elections were held. By these measures and others which followed, Russia seemed well on the way to becoming a constitutional monarchy patterned after the western European model, and

as a point of fact it was only the outbreak of World War I which prevented this from becoming a reality.

As would be expected, the Jewish revolutionary parties bitterly op

posed these reforms, looking on them as merely a device by which the forces of revolution would be dissipated. Actually these measures did succeed in pacifying the Russian masses, and the years between 1905 and 1914 were ones of comparative quiet and progress. No man deserves more credit for this state of affairs than Premier Peter Arkadyevich Stolypin, who in the year following the 1905 revolt emerged as the most impressive figure in Imperial Russia.

aggeration to say that he dominated Russian politics. It was he who gave Russia the famed "Stolypin Constitution," which among other things undertook to guarantee the civil rights of the peas

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Nicholas II, last of the Tsars.

Russia's population. His land reforms, for which he is most famous, not only gave the peasant the right to own land, but actually financed the purchase with government loans. Stolypin was determined to give the peasant a stake in capitalism, believing that "the natural counter-weight of the communal principal is individual ownership."

Were the Stolypin land reforms effective? Betram Wolfe, who is on all points anti-Sarsit and pro-revolutionary, has this to say: "Between 1907 and 1914, under the Stolypin land reform laws, 2,000,000 peasant families seceded from the village mir and became individual proprietors. All through the war the movement continued, so that by Jan. I, 1916, 6,200,000 peasant families, out of approximately 16,000,000 eligible, had made application for separation. Lenin saw the matter as a race with time between Stolypin's reforms and the next upheaval. Should an upheaval be postponed for a couple of decades, the new land measures would so transform the countryside that it would no longer be a revolutionary force. How near Lenin came to three who dead a Revolution page 360, by sterm Wolfs, Dail Press. New York. 1986.

losing the race is proved by the fact that in 1917, when he called on the peasants to "take the land," they already owned more than three-

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premier Stolypin was shot by a Jew as sassin after bringing reform to Russia

Russian Jewry wanted revoluon, not reform. As early as 1906 an attempt had been made to assassinate Premier Stolypin when his country house was destroyed by a bomb. Finally, in Sept. of 1911 the best premier Russia ever had was shot down in cold blood while attending a gale affair at the Kiev theatre. The assassin was a Jewish lawyer named Mordecai Bogrov. Thus it was that Russia had since 1902 lost two premiers to Jewish assassins.

were carried out after his death In 1912 an industrial insurance law was inaugurated which gave all industrial workmen sickness and accident compensation to

the extent of two-thirds and three-fourths of their regular pay. For the first time the newspapers of the revolutionary parties were given legal status. Public schools were expanded and the election laws were revised. In 1913 a general amnesty for all political prisoners was given. Not even the severest critic of Tsarism can deny that these measures represented a sincere attempt on the part of the Imperial government to bring about reform. Why, in spite of all this, was the Isar overthrown?

### World War

One of the chief factors contributing to the destruction of the Imperial government was the onset of World War I. Before the war the Imperial military establishment had contained perhaps 1,500,000 professional troops, well trained and loyal to the crown, . . "But by 1917 the regular army was gone. Its losses for the first ten months of the war were reckoned as 3,800,000, or, to take the reckoning of the Quartermaster-General, Danilov, 300,000 a month and the officers, who went into action standing, while commanding their men to craw, "Rusila, page 41. by Bernael Pares, New American Library, New York, revised 1949.

were falling at twice the rate of the men." Altogether 18 million men were called to the colors, most of whom were conscripted from the peasantry. Although courageous in battle they proved politically unreliable and were easily incited by agitators.

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These Cossack troops were the elite of the Tsar's regular army

Large numbers of the industrial population were also drafted into the armies, and their places were taken by peasants, fresh out of the country. As a result, Russia's principal cities came to be populated by a working class which was peasant in origin and habit of thinking, but which lacked the conservatism and stability which seems to go with tenure of the land. This new proletariat was in reality an uprooted and landless peasantry, poorly adjusted to city life, and easily stirred

up by propagandist

Now—It should be remembered that the Russian resolution was carried out by a handful of revolutionaries operating mainly in the larger cities. While something like 85% of Russia's gentile population was rural, these country people took virtually no part in the revolt. Conversely, only 2.4% of the Jawish population was actually situated on the farms: the great majority of the Jaw swere congregated in the cities. Says the Universal Jewish Encyclopedia: . . . "If must be noted that the Jews lived almost exclusively in the cities and towns; "Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Dec. New York, 1939, "Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Dec. New York, 1939, "Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Dec. New York, 1939, "Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Dec. New York, 1939, "Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Dec. New York, 1939, "Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Dec. New York, 1939, "Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Dec. New York, 1939, "Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Dec. New York, 1939, "Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Dec. New York, 1939, "Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Dec. New York, 1939, "Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Dec. New York, 1939, "Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Dec. New York, 1939, "Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Dec. New York, 1939, "Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Dec. New York, 1939, "Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Dec. New York, 1939, "Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Dec. New York, 1939, "Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Dec. New York, 1939, "Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Dec. New York, 1939, "Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Dec. New York, 1939, "Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Dec. New York, 1939, "Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Dec. New York, 1939, "Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Dec. New York, 1939, "Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Dec. New York, 1939, "Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Dec. New York, 1939, "Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Dec. New York, 1939, "Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Dec. New York, 1939, "Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Dec. New York, 1939, "Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Dec. New York, 1939, "Universal Jewish E

in Russia's urban population the Jews constituted 11%. Two additional factors are taken into consideration. On the one hand, the rural population took practically no part in political activities, and on the other, there was virtually no illiteracy among the Russian Jews." As a matter of fact, the Jews represented a substantial portion of Russia's educated class. Not only that, but the overwhelming majority of Russia's professional class were Jews. So completely was the Jewsia domination of the professions that only one out of eight of Russia's professional people were gentile. In other words, the Jews, who constituted 4.2% of Russia's pre-war population, comprised something like 87% of its professional class.

I the to the first world War the economic situation of the Jews was as follows: in 1913 the Jewish population of Russia amounted to 60,46,000, or 4,07 per cent of the total. According to the census of 1907 and since the theory five Jews Hotel in cities and towns, and since then the crowding in the unit of the contract of the since the since the conding in the unit of the professions the Jews and since the since the conding in the unit of the contract of the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the since the sinc

The above except is taken from the Universal Jewish Encyclopedia (p. 228, vol. 9). It shows that seven-eighths of Russis's pre-war professional class were Jews, It also shows that the majority of Jews were congregated in the cities, and that 37%, of them belonged to the "commercial class." This explains better than anything else why Jewry was able to dominate Russis's urban centers. In 1913 only 15%, of Russis's gentile population lived in the cities, and many of these were freshly recruited from an illiterate peasantry.

### The Evacuations

Also significant was the fact that the theatre of war was situated in those areas most heavily populated by Jøws. By 1914, it should be remembered, Russia's Jøwish population was nearing the sever million mark. (the exact figure given in the Universal Jøwish Encyclo

pedia is 6,946,000). A substantial number of these resided in Rus sian-Poland, which was a war zone. The majority of these Jews, ou of hatred for the Tsarist regime, were inclined to favor a Germa victory. As a result, the Imperial high command was compelled not remove all Jews from the war area in the early part of 1915. In Mo of 1915, for example, the supreme command expelled all Jewish res dents from the provinces of Courland and Grodno. Alfogether, nearl a half million Jews were forced to leave their homes in the militar zone. These expellees were at first required to remain within the Pale of Settlement, but in August of 1915 they were permitted the settle in all cities in the empire. Thus it was that as the war progressed a flood of Tsar-hating Jews began infiltrating the cities be yond the Pale . . . .

# \* REVOLUTION \*

The revolution occurred in March of 1917, in St. Petersberg, capital city of the Romanovs. From beginning to end the revolt involved an amazingly small number of people, when we consider that the feat of 150 million Russians was at stake. The revolt came, as we have tried to indicate, because of Jewish unrest, because of Jewry's dissatisfaction, and above all, because of Jewry's determination to destroy Isarism. By the Spring of 1917 Russia's unstable urban population had been thoroughly poisoned by this dissatisfaction. A food shortage in Petersberg fanned this dissatisfaction into the flame of revolution.

St. Petersberg in the third year of World War I was Russia's chile armaments production center, and by reason of this possessed the largest industrial population of any city in Russia. It also had the largest Jewish population of any city outside the Pale of Settlement. By March, 1917, a breakdown in the Russian transportation system resulted in a severe food shortage in the city. At the same time, many of the city's factories began shutting down due to material shortages. Both of these factors were extremely important in the days immediately shead.

The desperate food shortage affected virtually every family in the city. Furthermore, the enforced idleness of the working population—due to factory shutdowns—threw was numbers of workmen onto the streets. Given here is a day by day account of the events which resulted in the overthrow of the Tsar and the establishment of the Provisional Government:

March 5th: It was evident by this time—even to foreign visitors—

that trouble was brewing. Bread lines were growing day by day, and factory workmen began to appear on the streets in large numbers. During the day the police began mounting machine guns in strategic

places throughout the city.

March 6th: The government brought a large number of Cossact troops into the city in anticipation of trouble. Revolution was now freely predicted, and many of the shops in expectation of this began boarding up windows. The few remaining factories were closed by strikes and the police mounted more machine guns. The Isar, who was visiting the troops at the front, still had not returned to the city. The Duma remained in session.

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A breakdown in the Russian transportation system resulted in a bread shortage in St. Peters berg. This picture shows women queuing up before a bakery a few days before the Revolution

March 8th: Crowds of women began a series of street demonstrations in protest over the bread shortage. Agitators, many of whom were veterans of the 1905 revolution, began to take charge and organize diversionary demonstrations. Here and there the crowds sang the "Marseilaise"—regarded in Russia as a revolutionary song. A number of red flags appeared. At the corner of Nevsky Prospekt and the Catherine Canal mounted police, aided by Cossack cavalry dispersed the crowds. There were no casualties. Significantly, however, the crowds had raised the red flag of revolution without being fired on.

March 9th: The Nevsky from Catherine Canal to Nicolai Station was jammed from early morning with crowds, which were larger and

bolder than on the preceding day. Streetcars were no longer run ning. The Cossack cavalry, under orders to keep the Nevsky clear o demonstrators, repeatedly charged the mobs, and a few people were

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the transportation breakdown caused Patenburg's factories to class down, throwing thousand trampled. But it was observed that the covalrymen used only the flats of their sabres, and at no time used fire arms. This encourage the mob, which held the Cossacks in dread. Meanwhile, agitators were constantly at work.

March 10th: During the afternoon huge crowds collected around Nicholai Station. An American photographer, Donald Thompson, has

described in vivid fashion the scene there:

"About two o'clock a man richly dressed in furs came up to the square in a sleigh and ordered his driver to go through the crowd, which by this time was in a very ugly mood, although it seemed to be inclined to make way for him. He was impatient and probably cold and started an argument. All Russians must have their argument. Well, he misjudged this crowd, and also misjudged the condition in Petrograd. I was within 150 feet of this scene. He was dragged out of his sleigh and beaten. He took refuge in a stalled street car where he was followed by the workingmen. One of them took a small iron bar and beat his head to a pulp. This seemed to give the mob a taste for blood. Immediately I was pushed along in front of the crowd which surged down the Nesky and began smashing windows and creating Danale Thampson in Rusia, page \\$M\\$, by Donald Thampson, Century Co., New York, 1988.

general disorder. Many of the men carried red flags on sticks. The shops along the Nevsky, or most of them, are protected by heavy iron shutters. Those that were not had their windows smashed. I noticed about this time that ambulances were coming and going on the side

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The Petersberg mob marching under the red flag of revolution. The end was in sight. streets. There were usually three or four people lying in each one."

The disorder now became general. The mobs turned their tury on the police, who barricaded themselves for a desperate last stand in the police stations. There they were slaughtered almost to the last man, and the prisons were emptied of their entire populations, including despeats tripinally despents.

ing desperate criminals of every category.

March 11th: Widespread rioting continued on the 11th. Added to the terror of revolution were the depradations of the recently liberated criminal population. During the day the Duma sent the following urgent message to the Isan, now entrained for Petersberg: "The situation is serious. There is anarchy in the capital. The government is paralyzed. The situation as regards transportation, food supplies, and fuel has reached a state of complete disorganization. Police dissatisfaction is growing. Disorderly shooting is taking place in the streets. Different sections of the troops are shooting at each other. It is necessary immediately to intrust a person who has the confidence of

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On March (urn, 1917, the only thing holding the Petersberg mob in check was the police. The decisive moment of the revolution came when armed mobs stormed the police station, killing the police and freeing large numbers of convicts, many of whom were the worst type of criminals.

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One of the first acts of the mob after storming the police stations was to burn police architecture. Leter the few policemen allowing themselves to be captured were shot. With the mob is control, life in Petersberg became chaotic. Servants refused to work, shops closed, working demanded fantastic wages. It was dangerous for a well dressed man to appear in public

of the country with the creation of a new government."

The Tsar's reaction was tragically out of keeping with the reality of the situation. It is doubtful that he even had an inkling of what was really transpiring. His reaction was to command the dissolution of the Duma. The overwhelming majority of the Duma's membership,—loyal to the Tsar—obeyed his command, with the result that the last vestige of governmental authority ceased to exist in the capital.

March 12th: The president of the dissolved Duma sent this last dispairing message to the Tsar: "The situation is becoming worse. Inmediate means must be taken, for tomorrow it will be too late. The last hour has struck and the fate of the fatherland and the dynasty is being decided." Tsar Nicholas II may never have received the mes-

![](https://samisdat.in/user/pages/03.books/1952%20-%20Behind%20Communism/read/_page_33_Picture_3.jpeg?g-16018011)

Crowds demonstrating before the Duma. On March 12th, twelve members of the Duma formed a "Provisional Government" which was to rule Russia for 8 months.

sage; in any event he did not reply. And indeed, the

morning of the 12th one of the regiments. (the Volynski) revolted, killing its officers. By II A.M. six regiments had revolted. At II:30 A. M. the garrison of the Peter and Paul fortress surrendered and joined the revolution. The only section of the city which now remained under governmental control was the War Office, the Admiralty Building and St. Isaacs Cathedral. The revolution was now an accomplished fact. Four days later, on the 16th,

reached Petersberg, abdicated. The closing words of his written abdication announcement were: "May God have mercy on Russia". And before a year had passed, these words had been echoed many, many times...

The 12th of March marked the formation of two governing bodies which were to jointly rule Russia for the next 8 months. The first of these was the Provisional Committee of the Duma, consisting of 12

members headed by Prince Lvow. This group served as the Provisional Government until overthrown in October by the Bolsheviks. At all times, however, it governed by the sufferance of the Petersberg Soviet, which was the second body organized on the 12th.

This Petersberg Soviet was in reality dominated by the Menshevik and Bolshevik factions of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party, of whom the Menshevik were by far the most powerful.

party, the Social Revolutionary Party, was a minority party

Eventually, as we shall see, the Bolshevik faction gained control over the Petersberg Soviet, and having done so, at once precipitated the October Revolution and established the regime which is still in power. To better understand these events, it is necessary that we trace the history of these Mensheviks and Bolsheviks and their Russian Social Democratic Labor Party.

# HISTORY OF BOLSHEVISM

We must for the moment turn our attention to a group of revolutionary exiles who are important to this story because they and their disciples eventually became the rulers of Communist Russia. Head of this group, and the man who is generally recognized as Lenin's teacher, was Genre Plekhapov, a costi-

Plekhanov had fled Russia in the 1880's and settled in Switzerland. There, with the aid of Vera Zasulich, Leo Deutch, and P. Axelrod—ell Jewshe had formed the Marxist "Group for the Emancipation of Labor", and until 1901 was recognized as the leader of the group.

Although Plekanov was himself a gentile, those around him were, with a few exceptions, Jewish One of the exceptions was leading who first become

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LEKHANOV

### Lonin

Lenin (real name Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov) was born on the banks of the Volga in the provincial city of Simbirsk, in 1870. He was born to a station of comparative privilege, being the son of a government official whose title of "Actual State Counsellor" carried with it the privilege of hereditary nobility. Lenin's father did not himself inherit he title, but acquired it as a reward of service as a school supervisor.

By every rule, "Lenin" should have become a respected member of Russian society. He was of middle class background, was university educated, and was admitted to the practice of law. That he did not do so can be ascribed in part to the fate of his older brother, Alexander. who in 1887 was executed for participating in an attempt on the life of Tsar Alexander III. This is said to have influenced Lenin to take up

the career of a professional revolutionary.

In any event the year of 1895 finds young Lenin—then 25—meetnig in Switzeland with the leaders of the "Group for the Emancipation
of Labor". Shortly thereafter he returned to Russia in the company of
young Julius Martov (Tsederbaum), a Jew who had already become
prominent as an agitator in the Pale of Settlement, and who was one
day to become the leader of the Menshevik faction. Their purpose
was to raise funds for revolutionary activity.

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LENIN, the only important gentile among the communists, was married to the Jewess, Krupsakaya. Ho headed the Lenin-Zinoviev-Kamenev 'troika''.

In Petersberg they became involved in a series of strikes which swept the city in 1895, and in the autumn of the same year Lenin, Martov, and a number of others were convicted and sent to prison for revolutionary activity.

In February of 1897 Lenin completed his prison term and began his period of exile in Siberia. He was permitted to travel to Siberia at his own expense and he took with him his Jewish wife, Krupsakaya, and her Yiddish

peaking mother.

It should be explained that contrary to popular belief, political exiles—unless convicted of a criminal act—were not imprisoned in Siberia: rather they were patty provided a pension, sufficient supplement this, the exile some-thy worked as a hookkeeper local way worked as a hookkeeper local active worked.

usually to maintain an existence. To supplement think, the base some times sought local employment (Trotky worked as a bookkeeper), or they got funds from friends and family. Lenin received a governmen allowance of 7 rubles 40 kopeks monthly, "lenough to pay for roon board and laundry."

While in Siberian exile Lenin, Martov, and an accomplice, Potresov, formulated the idea of an "All Russian Newspaper" which would serve to combine the thought and energies of the entire revolutionary movement. The Marxists in 1900, as at all times in the future were divided tight placement by Dealet P. Geddes), page 3, by Padid Shu, New American Library.

and subdivided into a great many factions. Lenin's idea was to welc these various factions into a single organization.

### \[skra

In February of 1900 Lenin was released from exile and applied for, and got, permission to go to Switzerland. In Geneva he joined the "Group for the Emancipation of Labor", and in December the Group began the publication of Iskra \[The Spark\]. The establishment of Iskra marked the beginning of Russian Marxism as an organized movement, and the beginning of Lenin's role as a party leader.

The editorial board consisted of the "oldsfers", Plekhanov, Zasulich, Axelrod, and their disciples, Lenin, Potresov, and Martov. Lenin's Jew-ish wife, Krupsakaya, was the board's secretary. Later, in 1902, young Trotky (Bronstein) joined the editorial board, but without voting privileges. Four of the above—Martov, Axelrod, Zasulich, and Trottky—

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KRUPSAKAY.

were Jews, while Plekhanov, Lenin, and Pot resov were gentile. The editorial board thu contained four Jews and three gentiles, bu since Trotzky was without vote, and since Plekhanov had retained two votes, the voting strength was exactly reversed, with the Jew having 3 votes to the gentile's four.

tributions of the first 45 editions of Iskra. The largest number of articles was written by Martov, who contributed 39. Next was Lenin, who wrote 32 articles, followed by Plekhanov with 4, Petresov with 8, Zasulich with 6 and Avaled with 8.

cles were written by Parvus, Trotzky, and Rosa Luxemberg, all of whom were Jewish. It is worth recording that the only other revolutionary paper in existence at this time was "Rabochee Delo" (Worker Cause), organ of the "Economist" faction, of whom the Jew, Theodore Dan was the editor.

Iskra was actually printed in Munich, Germany. For a time the editorial board met in London, but in 1903 it was moved back to Geneva. From there copies of Iskra were smuggled into Russia ship and courier. In this way Iskra built up an underground organization of professional revolutionaries, first known as "Iskrists", and later as Bolsheviks and Mensheviks.

In Switzerland Axelrod eked out an existence by peddling yogurt, and Plekhanov is said to have addressed letters for an income. But the founders and leaders of communism were not proletarians. Almost without exception they were highly educated Jewish intellectuals, few of whom had ever performed a useful day's labor.

### AXELROD

# **Unification Congress**

In 1903 a Unification Congress convened in Brussels, Belgium. Its purpose was to unite the various Marxists groups into the Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party, which technically had been formed in 1898, but which had

Altogether, 60 voting delegates attended, four of whom were, or had been, workers. The rest were mostly Jewish intellectuals. Represented were the groups which had formed the party in 1888. The Jewish Bund

the Georgian Social Democrats, Rosa Luxémberg's Polish Social democrats, and the Group for the Emancipation of Labor, now identified as 'Iskrists'. The Maximalist's newspaper, "Rabochee Delo" was also represented by 3 delegates. These groups, their leaders, and their disciples, made the revolution of 1917. Here, Communism as we know it, was born.

In early August the Belgium Police deported a number of delegates and the Unification Congress moved en-masse to England, where it convened from August 11th to the 23rd. One very important outcome of the congress was the idealogical split which divided the Iskrists

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Communism as an organized movement began with the publishing of "ISKRA" (The Spark) in December of 1900. Three years later, in 1903, the "Iskrists" joined with the Polish Social-Democrats, the Jewish Bund, and others, to form the Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party which later changed its name to the Communist Party). "ISKRA", like every other communist bublication which followed, was mainly edited and controlled by Jews.

into two camps: The Bolsheviks (majority faction), headed by Lenin,

and the Mensheviks (minority faction), headed by Martov.

The final act of the congress was to elect Lenin, Plekhanov, and Martov to the editorial board of Iskra. This new board of three never actually functioned, due to the hostility between Martov and Lenin. After issue No. 53 Lenin resigned leaving it in the hands of Martov, Plekhanov, Axelrod, Zasulich and Petresov, the latter three being admitted to the board fallwise Lenix and the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of the control of th

Although Lenin's faction clung to the Bolshevik label, they did not at any time command a real majority in the party. Lenin had temporarily been able to dominate the Unification Congress when the Jewish Bund's delegation had walked out in a huff over party policy. Because Lenin had been temporarily able to martial a majority of the remaining delegates to his support, his faction had been identified as the Bolshevik, or majority, faction, and always thereafter Lenin and his followers were known as Bolsheviks. It is important to note that this Bolshevik-Menshevik split was among the Iskrists only. The two other major factions of the party—Rosa Luxemberg's Polish Social Democrats and the Jewish Bund—were neither Bolshevik nor Menshevik, although both factions usually teamed up with the Menshevike on party policy. (In 1917, however, both the Polish party and the Bund merged into the Bolshevik faction).

![](https://samisdat.in/user/pages/03.books/1952%20-%20Behind%20Communism/read/_page_38_Picture_4.jpeg?g-16018011)

MARTOV (Zedarbaum), leader of the Menshevik Faction,

### Revolution of 190

The 1905 revolution came unexpectedly. Justin agitators, seizing upon the discontent angendered by Russia's defeat by the Japanese, and capitalizing on the "Bloody Sunday" incident — which we have already described — fanned the flames of insurrection into being in what was to be a dress rehearsal of the 1917 revolution.

The revolt, coming so quickly on the

of the Bloody Sunday incident, caught the party leadership by surprise. Lenin was in Seneva and he did not return to Petersberg

burg Soviet was organized. Martov, the Menshevik leader, returned at the same time. Rosa Luxemberg arrived in December, by which time the insurrection had ended. Alexnod got only as far as Finland, and Plekhanov never returned at all. The 1905 revolution was principally led by second-string leaders, virutally all of whom were identified with the Mensheviks.

Trotzky alone of the top leadership had sensed the significance of 'Bloody Sunday.'' and at the first word of revolution he and a Jewish

compatriot Parvus, had struck out for Petersberg.

Using the pseudonym Yanovsky, he very quickly became a leading member of the Soviet, and by the end of October was generally recognized as the most influential member of the Executive Committee. In addition, he edited (with Parvus) the Menshevik organ, Nachato. Later, under the pseudonym, "Peter Petrovich" he edited the "Russkyaya Gazeta." On Dec. 9, as we have previously related, he was elected president of the Petersberg Soviet, and following his arrest, Parvus assumed leadership of the revolu-

Although Lenin had been in St. Petersberg throughout the life of the Petersberg Soviet, neither he nor any member of his faction played a prominent part in its activities. When the 300 members of the Soviet were finally arrested, not a single prominent Bolshevik was awaren them. The expedition of 1905 was strictly a Menshevik affair

### The London Congress

In 1907 (May 13-June 1) a fifth Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party was held, this time in London. This was by all accounts the most impressive one of all, and it was the last one held before the 1917 revolution. Represented at the Congress were:

The Bolsheviks, led by Lenin-91 delegates.

The Mensheviks, led by Martov and Dan—89 delegates.

The Polish Social Democrats, led by Rosa Luxemberg—44 deleates.

The Jewish Bund, led by Rafael Abramovitch and M. I. Lieber— 55 delegates.

The Lettish Social Democrats, led by "Comrade Herman" (Danishevsky).

Altogether there were 312 delegates to the Congress, of whom 116 were, or had been, workers. Dominating the Congress were the great names of the party: there were the founders of the movement, Plekhanov. Axelrod. Deutch, and Zasulich—who after 1907 played roles of diminishing importance in party affairs—and their disciples. Lenin, Martov, Dan (Gurvich), and Trotzky. There were Abramovich and Lieber (Goldman) of the Bund, and Rosa Luxemberg, the latter one day being destined to lead a revolution of her own in Germany. Present also were Zinoview, Kømenev, and Stalin, none of whom were important in 1907, but who are listed here because one day they would 38.

be the three most powerful men in Russia. Significantly all of those named were Jewish, excepting Lenin, Plekhanov, and Stalin.

Perhaps one of the most important matters taken up by the Londo Congress was the bitterly controversial question of "expropriations. It should be explained that Lenin's Bolshevik faction had to an increasing degree resorted to outlawry to replenish its finances. Robbery, kid napping, and theft became regular party activities. And on one ocasion a loyal Bolshevik married a rich widow to secure funds for the party treasury. These activities were referred to in party circles a "expropriations." The most famous expropriation was the Titlis ban robbery, engineered by young Josef Stalin shortly after the Londoi Congress.

The Mensheviks bitterly criticized these tactics, while Lenin stoutly defended them as a necessary means of raising capital. The "expropriation" question broke out again and again as a point of contention

![](https://samisdat.in/user/pages/03.books/1952%20-%20Behind%20Communism/read/_page_40_Picture_3.jpeg?g-16018011)

In communist Russia the penalty for revolutionary activity is always death. Under the mortolerant rule of the Isars the penalty was exile in Siberia. Stalln was exiled no less than times. The photo above shows him with a friend (Suren Spandaryan) during exile in Mor astryskoye, Turukhanks, Siberia.

between the two factions. Actually a great deal of Lenin's strength came from this source. With money thus raised he was able to pay the traveling expenses of delegates to these various congresses, and this gave him a voting power which was probably out of proportion to his following. Lenin's opposition on the expropriation question came not only from Marton's Menshevik faction, but also from the Jewish Blund and Rasa Lyvenbard\*, Polit's Scall Descepta. The hair's Menshevik faction and the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the property of the

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equals nor his competitors—they were his right and left hand. They would argue with him, and fight with him, and oppose him in party councils, but the "troika" was broken only when Lenin died.

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ZINOVIE

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KAMENE

### January Plenum

In January of 1910 the 19 top leaders of the Party met in what historians refer to as the "January Plenum of the Central Committee." Its purpose was, as always, to promote party unity One outcome was that Lenin was compelled to burn the remainder of the 500 ruble notes from the Tiffis expropriation, which he had been unable to cash anyway. Another outcome of the January Plenum was the recognition of the mewspaper, "Sotsial Demokrata", at the general party newspaper. Its editors were the Bolsheviks, Lenin and Zinoviev, and the Mensheviks, Martov and Dan. Lenin was the only gentile. Trotzky's semi-independent "Vienna Praymi-independent" (Vienna Praymi-independent "Vienna Praymi-independent").

ficial party organ, and Kamenev was appointed to help edit it. Who could have foretold in the year 1910 that within seven short years this Yiddish crew would

### The 1917 Revolution

The 1917 revolution, like that of 1905, caught the top leaders of the party unprepared. Lenin and Martov were in Switzerland, and Trotzky was eking out an

Shortly after the March revolution the German government did a peculiar thing. It arranged to ship Lenin, Martov, Radek. and 32 members of the party across Germany to Russia. The German strategy seemed to be based on the assumption — which later proved correct — that the communists would work to sabotage the Russian

![](https://samisdat.in/user/pages/03.books/1952%20-%20Behind%20Communism/read/_page_43_Picture_1.jpeg?g-16018011)

RADEK

war effort, now being prosecuted by the Provisional Government. Perhaps the Leni group had some such agreement with the Germans; no one knows. But one thing it certain: 48 hours after the Bolsheviks came to power, Trotzky began negotiations for a armistice. But that story comes later.

On April 3rd, just 23 days after the provisional government had been formed, Lenin and his party arrived in Petersberg. Within 7 months he and his faction would be the supreme dictators of all Russia

![](https://samisdat.in/user/pages/03.books/1952%20-%20Behind%20Communism/read/_page_43_Picture_5.jpeg?g-16018011)

The Germans gave Lenin and party a sealed railway car . . .

# PETERSBERG SOVIET

### It Controlled the Mol

We have already given a description of the March Revolution which overthrew the Tser, and we have told of the establishment of the two governing bodies which came into existence on March 12th namely the Provisional Government and the Petersberg Soviet.

The Petersberg Soviet, although it controlled the mob, was re luctant to assume the responsibility of governing—at least in the be ainning. The Soviet was originally organized by second-string leader

![](https://samisdat.in/user/pages/03.books/1952%20-%20Behind%20Communism/read/_page_44_Picture_4.jpeg?g-16018011)

The Petersberg Soviet, formed on March 12th, was dominated by the Mensheviks under the leadership of the Jews, Lieber, Dan, and Martov. Later (in October) the Bosheviks gained cor trol when Trotzky became president, and they immediately precipitated the October Revolution

who were quite capable of stirring up trouble, but who had little capacity for leading a revolutionary government. Furthermore, it was not clear in the early days of the revolution as to what the final outcome would be. Petersberg was, after all, only one city in the empire and the attitude of the country as a whole, and of the soldiers at the front, was unknown. For this reason the Soviet preferred that the Provisional Government—which had some semblance of legitimacy—should temporarily rule.

43

### The Provisional Government

The Provisional Government was not a revolutionary body. Of its 12 members, only one, Kerensky, was a "Socialist." The others were

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These twelve members of the Duma organized a Provisional Government under Prince Lvow. Later, in July, Kerensky took over nal Government was able to quell the affair and irling the Rolchwild leaders.

The Provisional Government undertook to continue the war against Germany. The great mass of people were, of course, patriotic Russians, and Germany was looked on as a dangerous threat to Russian "sovereignity. The Provisional Government, during its entire tenure, was

The Provisional Government took two steps, however, which were to profoundly affect the revolution. The first, and most fateful, was the decision to permit the return of all exiled political prisoners from Siberia and abroad. By doing so it sealed the fate of Russia. Here is

KARL RADEK, one of the "ready, self-confident men" who returned from exile to agitate for the Bolsheviks.

the way one American writer, Edward Alworth Ross has described it:

"'One of the first acts of the Provisional government, however, is to bring back to Russia the political victims of the autocracy. From Siberia about eighty thousand are brought out. From Switzerland, France, Scandinavia, the United States, even from Argentina and other remote countries, come perhaps ten thousand who have been refugees from the tar's vengeance. In all ninety thousand at least, virtually all of them of so cialist sympathies, stream into European Russia in late April, May, June, and July. Honored by a grateful people for their voluntary sacrifices and sufferings they quickly rise to a com-

local soviets and carry them irresistibly toward the political left."

These ninety thousand exiles constituted the heart of the approaching Bolshevik revolution. They were almost to the last man professional revolutionaries, and with few exceptions they were Jewish. Stalin, Sverdlov, and Zinoviev were among the exiles who returned from Storelia Lenin, Martov, Radek, and Kamenev—as we have seen—re-Russian Bolshevil Revolution, page 38, by Edward Albrowth Ravo Century Company, New

turned from Switzerland. Trotzky returned, with hundreds of his Yiddish brethern, from New York's East Side. These were the inheritors of the revolution. Until their return the revolution had been without leadership—largely it had been conducted by second string leaders who happened to be on the spot. Now the elite were returning. Let us take another quotation from the sterry-eyed Edward Alworth Ross, whose prose is almost as poor as his judgment: "The bewildered leaderless Russian masses are thrilled and captivated by these ready, self-confident men who tell them just what they must do in order to garner for themselves the fruits of the revolution. This is why refugees, obscure to us although not to Russians, who in exile had been obliged to work in our steel mills and tailor shops for a living, former residents of New York's "Eastside," who lived precariously from some Russian newspapers we Americans never heard of, will rise to be the heads of soviets and, later, cabinet ministers of a government ruling a tenth of the human race. In all modern history there is no romance like it."

Soon these hordes of returning Jews would exercise the power of life and death over 150 million Christian Russians. Soon every factory, every government bureau, every school district, and every army unit would function under the gimlet eye of a Jewish Commissar. Soon

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When the Boisheviks came to power, they systematically undertook to destroy every vestige of opposition by exterminating the upper classes of Russian society. The fury of the Red Terror can be explained only as a manifestation of Jewish hatred against Christian civilization.

Janusian Rolshavik Revulution (this page 45) page 47

the blood of human beings would be ozing from under the doors of communist execution chambers as tens of thousands of Christian men and women were butchered like cattle in a slaughterhouse. Soon five million landowners would be deliberately starved to death as part of a premeditated plan. Soon a move would be under way to exterminate the gentile leader class of the entire nation by murdering every Christian factory owner, and lawyer, and government leader, and army officer, and every other person who had been, or might be, a potential leader. Soon the standing population of the slave-labor camps would secced 15 million. Soon every church and cathedral would be gutted, and every priest and preacher would become a criminal in his own community. Soon Russia would have a zombie-proletariat, docile, willing to work, easily controlled, incapable of revolt . . . Such was the "romance" of the Bolshevik revolution.

![](https://samisdat.in/user/pages/03.books/1952%20-%20Behind%20Communism/read/_page_48_Picture_1.jpeg?g-16018011)

Wherever communists have come to power, their first act has been to execute or imprison the nation's leader class. Their second act is to install Jews in every position of power and authority. In Russia literally millions of gentiles were butchered by Jew executioners.

### Constituent Assembly Elections

A second important act of the Provisional Government was to create the machinery for the election of a Constituent Assembly. It was provided that delegates from all of Russia should be chosen in free elections, and these were to meet in a Constituent Assembly for the purpose of writing a constitution for Russia. It was to be, as one writer puts it . . . "a body encompassing the purposes of both the Continental Congress and the Constitutional Convention of the American Revolution."

When the Constituent Assembly did meet, in January of 1918, the Bolshevits had already been in power a month. ""It met at the Tauride Palace in Petrograd and lasted less than 13 hours; from four in the afternoon of Jan. 18, to 40 minutes past four of Jan. 19, when it was dispersed by Bolshevik troops, chiefly soldiers of Lettish regiments." One of the factors which precipitated the October Revolution was the forthcoming elections for the Constituent Assembly.

### All-Russian Congress of Soviets

One other event occurred which was to affect the outcome of the revolution. This was the convening of the First All-Russian Congress of Soviets in Petersberg on June 3rd, 1917. It should be explained that the word "soviet" means "council", or "committee". Following the March Revolution, Iterally hundrads of local revolutionary. Soviets were organized all over Russia by the various Marxists parties. It was decided that a congress of these soviets should meet for the purpose of unifying the forces of the revolution.

This first Congress of Soviets was dominated by the Mensheviks defection of Essars. (Essars — Social Revolutionary Party) The Bolsheviks had

Before disbanding the Congress of Soviets set October 20th (later changed to Nov. 7th) as the date for the convening of the next Congress. This date is extremely important because it marks the date of the Bolshevik Revolution. When the Second Congress of Soviets did convene, on the evening of November 7th, the Bolsheviks had already gained control of the Petersberg Soviet and had overthrown the Provisional Government a few hours earlier. The Bolsheviks were thus able to present the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets with a "fail accompoli". This Second Congress of Soviets became the official government of Communist Russia on that same evening of November 7th, 1917.

### Lenin Returns

But now we must turn our attention back to Lenin and his party at the time of their arrival from abroad. When Lenin arrived in Petersberg in April of 1917, he found the Petersberg Soviet dominated by the Mensheviks, with the Essars (Social Revolutionaries) second in membership, and the Bolsheviks in the minority. President of the 15talian Appeals of the Man and His Influence, by Lev Totsky (translated by Charles Malamuth), Harger Book, New York & London, William

![](https://samisdat.in/user/pages/03.books/1952%20-%20Behind%20Communism/read/_page_50_Picture_1.jpeg?g-16018011)

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![](https://samisdat.in/user/pages/03.books/1952%20-%20Behind%20Communism/read/_page_52_Picture_0.jpeg?g-16018011)

mobs (above) staged bloody street demonstrations. This "July Days" revolt ended when Kerer sky dispersed the mob with ritle fire and arrested, or drove into hiding, the Bolshevik leadership

Government under the premiership of Kerensky (Adler) the Jewish Napoleon, became Prime Minister of a "salvation of the revolution" government. Kerensky was quite an orator, and he applied himself to the task of whipping up enthusiasm for an offensive against the Germans. Although he met with moderate success at first, the offensive failed and Kerensky's influence declined steadily in the next three months.

# ¥ Sixth Party Congress

In August (8-16) the Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party held its Sixth Congress. This was the first one held since the London Congress of 1907, and it was the last one held before the Bolshevik Revolution, now only two

![](https://samisdat.in/user/pages/03.books/1952%20-%20Behind%20Communism/read/_page_52_Picture_5.jpeg?g-16018011)

KEBENCKA

![](https://samisdat.in/user/pages/03.books/1952%20-%20Behind%20Communism/read/_page_53_Picture_0.jpeg?g-16018011)

This Central Committee was to rule the Bolshevik Party through the critical days of the October Revolution. Who were the principal members of the "October Central Committee?" Let us take the words of Lev Trotzky as they appear in his book, "Stalin": . "In view of the Party's semi-legality the names of persons elected by secret ballot were not announced at the Congress, with the exception of the four who had received the largest number of votes. Lenin—133 out of a possible 134, Zinoviev—132, Kamenev—131, Trotzky—131". These four two months before the October Revolution, were the top leaders of the Bolshevik Party, Three were Jews and the fourth, Lenin, was married to a Jewess.

Irotzky's writings are extremely enlightening from a historical viewpoint. He hated Stalin and he wrote his book, "Stalin", to prove that Stalin was a Johnny-come-lately, an upstart, and an usurger. He brings forth masses of evidence to show how unimportant Stalin was in Party councils during and immediately after the October Revolution. In doing so, Trotzky again and again emphasizes who the really important leaders were. Let us take another typical comment from his book on Stalin as he describes the meetings of the October Central-

Committee shortly before the Bolshevik Revolutior

"The 422 pages of the fourth volume, dealing with August and September, record all the happenings, occurrences, brawls, resolutions, speeches, articles in any way deserving of notice. Sverdlov, then practically unknown, was mentioned three times in that volume; Kamenev, 46 times; I, who spent August and the beginning of September in prison, 31 times, Lenin, who was in the underground, 16 times; Zinoviev, who shared Lenin's fate, 6 times. Stalin was not mentioned even once. Stalin's name is not even in the index of approximately 500 proper names."

Thus, Trotzky again cites evidence to prove that Stalin was not an important figure in the Bolshevik Party in 1917. But in doing so he names the real leaders, who as before are the Jews, Kamenev, Zinoviev, Trotzky, and the up and coming Swerdley. Legip is the only certified.

Because the top party leaders were either in prison or in hiding as result of the abortive July Days uprising, the Sixth Party Congress was organized by the lesser lights of the party, of whom Sverdlow was the most active. Lev Trotzky, ever anxious to discredit Stelin, gives us this description: "'The praesidium consisted of Sverdlov, Oflminsky, Lomov, Yurenev, and Stelin. Even here, with the most prominent figures of Bolshevism absent, Stelin's name is listed in last place. The Congress resolved to send greetings to 'Lenin, Trotzky, Zinoviev, Lunacharsky, Kamenev, Kollontai, and all the others arrested and per-

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AVA. MNONTERLYAM

The above cut is taken from Trotzky's book, "Stalin". It is a ergoduction of a postcard widely circulated in Russia following the Bolshevik Revolution. It is entitled "Leaders of the Prolearian Revolution". Trotzky uses this as evidence to prove that Stalin, whom he despised, was not an important figure in the October Revolution—which it does nicely. But it also reveals the Jewishness of these original leaders of the Communist Party: Four of those appearing above are Jews, and a fifth, Lenin, is married to a Jewess. Shown above are: \[1\] Lenin, \[2\] Trotzky, \[3\] Zinoviev, \[4\] Lunacharsky (a gentile), \[5\] Kamenev, \[6\] Sverdlov. These were the leaders of the Communist Revolution of 1917.

secuted comrades'. These were elected to the honorary praesidium.' Here again, in the words of Trotzky, we have named the "most prominent figures of Bolshevism": Lenin, Trotzky, Zinoviev, Kamenev, Kol Iontai and Lunacharsky. And we know these were the most important leaders because they were the ones Kerensky had arrested or driven underground following the July Days revolt. Of these, only Lunacharsky and Lenin were gentile; the others were Jawish. These facts show why the Jawishness of communism is so immediately and indisputably apparent to anyone who has the slightest knowledge of Bolshevik history.

# TROTZKY TO POWER

On August 17th Kamenev was released from prison, and exactly a month later Trotzky was also freed by the Kerensky regime. On Sept. 24th Trotzky was elected president of the Petersberg Soviet, displacing Cheidze, the Menshevik. From this moment on the Bolsheviks were in control of the Petersberg Soviet. On October 26th the Petersberg Soviet voted to transfer all military power to a "Military Revolutionary Committee", headed by Trotzky. Revolution was now only days away.

### Ailitary Revolutionary Committee

The Military Revolutionary Committee, under the chairmanship of Trotzky, was organized for the express purpose of preparing the revolution. Time was running out and it was a matter of striking soon or not at all. The Constituent Assembly elections were only a few week off, and when it convened, Russia was to have a new government. There was another reason for striking soon. The Second All-Russiar Congress of Soviets was to meet on Nov. 7th. The Bolsheviks feared—and with reason—that the Kerensky government would arrest or disband the entire congress and thereby doom the revolt. For these reasons it was felt essential to overthrow the Provisional Government by or before the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets convened or Nov. 7th.

On November 4th the Military Revolutionary Committee arranged huge mass meetings in preparation for the forthcoming revolt. On the following day the garrison of the Peter and Paul Fortress declared itself in alliance with the Bolsheviks. On the 6th Kerensky made one last attempt to forestall revolution by ordering the arrest of the Military Revolution Committee, banning all Bolshevik publications, and ordering fresh troops to replace the Petersberg garrison. These measures were never carried out.

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Smolny Institute. From here Trotsky commanded the forces which overthrew the Kerensky regime.

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The fate of Kerensky's regime was sealed when the Bolsheviks stormed the Winter Palace, last redoubt of the Provisional Government. Kerensky managed to escape, later fled to Paris.

### evolution

On the evening of November 6th Lenin came out of hid-ing and joined the Military Revolutionary Committee at Smolny Institute, which served as revolutionary headquarters. At two A.M. the following morning the revolutionary

By noon the city was largely in Bolshevik hands. At three P.M. Lenin delivered a fiery speech to the Petersberg Soviet—his first since July. At nine P.M. Bolshevik troops began their two day siege of the Winter Palace. last stronghold of the Provisional Government.

At eleven P.M. the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets conversely, with the Bolsheviks in a clear majority. The Congress was now the official government of Russia. The Jew, Kameney, was elected its

![](https://samisdat.in/user/pages/03.books/1952%20-%20Behind%20Communism/read/_page_58_Picture_2.jpeg?g-16018011)

YAKOV SVERDLOV

first President. Lenin became Premier Trotzky was made Commissar of Foreigr Affairs. Before dawn it had elected a Central Executive Committee under the chairmanship of Kamenev, who thus had the distinction of being the first Presiden of the "Soviet Republic"

Within a few days (Nov. 21) the Jew Sverdlov, succeeded Kamenev, and thus became the second Jewish president of the "Soviet Republic". A relatively minor figure in Bolshevik circles six months before the revolution, he very quickly be came one of the five too men in the party

setore his early death two years later he had become the party's Chief trouble-shooter and had assumed absolute control over Russia's economic life.

### CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLT

On November 25th, 18 days after the Bolshevik coup, free elections were held throughout Russia under machinery set up by the Provisional Government. The Bolsheviks, not yet completely organized, made no

when it became clear that the Bolsheviks would command only a minority in the Constitutent Assembly, they immediately laid plans to undermine its authority.

The Provisional Government had specified that the convocation of the Assembly shub be in the hands of a special commission. The Bolsheviks arrested this commission, and substituted for it a "Commissary for the Constituent Assembly", headed by the Jew Uritzky.

![](https://samisdat.in/user/pages/03.books/1952%20-%20Behind%20Communism/read/_page_58_Picture_11.jpeg?g-16018011)

By this tactic the Bolsheviks were able to exert their authority over the Assembly. When the Assembly did finally convene, the Jaw Sverdlov, although not a delegate, took charge of the proceedings, and actually called the meeting to order. Ten hours later the Assembly was thrown into confusion when the Bolsheviks walked out. Shortly thereafter Bolshevik troops brutally brought the Constituent Assembly to an end by ejecting the delegates and locking the doors to the building.

This was the end of the Constituent Assembly. After having convened for only 13 hours, it disbanded, never to meet again. So endec Russia's hope for a constitution and a representative operance.

In March, 1918, the Soviet Government moved its capital from Petersberg to Moscow. In the same month the Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party officially styled itself the Community Party.

### War Commissar

Meanwhile the enemies of the new regime were gathering strength. Before the year was over the Soviet Government was under attack on six war fronts. Some of these anti-communist armies were organized by pro-Tsarist sympathizers; others were organized and financed by foreign

![](https://samisdat.in/user/pages/03.books/1952%20-%20Behind%20Communism/read/_page_59_Picture_5.jpeg?g-16018011)

LEY TROTZKY (above center) is shown at the height of his power as Commissar of War. It was Trotzky who organized the Red Army and led it to victory over the White Russian Armies

governments. These "White Russian" forces constituted a dengerous threat to the new regime, and in March Trottay relinquished his post as Commissar of Foreign Affairs to become Commissar of War, a position which gave him authority over the Soviet Government's entire military resources. It was he who organized and led the Red Army to victory. Not until 1921 were the last of the anti-communist forces destroyed.

### Murder of the Royal Family

Shortly after the March Revolution of 1917 the Tser had applied for permission for himself and his family to leave the country. Nicholas II was closely related to the royal families of England and Denmark, and he felt exile there was preferable to remaining a prisoner in his own land. The Provisional Government had been inclined to grant his request, but the Petersberg Soviet had blocked the move

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the above it a responsition of a bender displayed by the solutions on the time answering, of the nations ruling class, the Bollshwist sed out to "seducate" the Russian people to the joy of prolestain life. So successful has this program of "educate" the Russian people to the joy of prolestain life. So successful has this program of "education" peen, that the enlawed poster, incidentally, again reveals that the jovenhears of the Community leadership; of the bedve shown, five are Jews and one (Lanin) is married to a Jewess. To the right of Lenin Poterway Kannese," seedlor, 'Luncatarky, Kallanda', Kryteho, Zinovsky, Bubbarn', Trolstiv', Yannese, "seedlor," Luncatarky, Kallanda', Kryteho, Zinovsky, Bubbarn', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', Trolstiv', T

\*NOTE: On a previous page Mme. Kollontai is inadvertently identified as Jewish. Her nationality is unverified. and the royal family had been transferred to Ekaterinburg, in south Russia. There, in 1918, they were housed in the home of a local merhant named lpatiev. On July 17th anti-Bolshevik troops advanced on Ekaterinburg and the local commissar, a Jew by the name of Yorovsky, ordered the family—and their house-hold servants—executed. Yorovsky personally dispatched Nicholas with a pistol shot in the head. The rest of the family was executed by a firing squad. Their bodies were then soaked in oil and burned. . . .

Should the reader be moved to look up the position of Ekaterinburg on a modern day map of Soviet Russia, he will find no trace of it. The former city and province of Ekaterinburg has been renamed "Sverdlovsk", in honor of the Jew. Yakov Sverdlov, president of the

"Soviet Republic" at the time of the execution . . .

## THE RED TERROR

On August 30, 1918, the Jew, Uritzky—then head of the "Cheka"—was assassinated and Lenin was wounded. The assassins were both Jewish, and both members of the Jewish-led Social Revolutionary Party. The Bolsheviks used this as an excuse for instituting the Red Terror, which began the following day, and which in a sense has continued to the present.

of what followed. The entire membership of the Communist Party, which in 1918 numbered perhaps no more than 100,000, was turned into an instrument of murder. Its aims were two-fold; to inspire dread and horror among the Russian masses, and to exterminate the middle

and upper classes i. e., the "bourgeois".

Men and women were executed or imprisoned not because of any offense, but simply because they belonged to the "enemy class". And this definition eventually included every merchant, professional person and landowner. Not only were these "class enemies" exterminated but members of their families fell victim as well. The Boshevisk clevely adopted the practice of making hostages of the families of those who resisted the new order. David Shub in his slavishly pro-Marxist book "Lenin", gives the following description of the Red Terror in Peters-berg: "Little time was wasted sifting evidence and classifying people rounded up in these night raids. Wee to him who did not disarm all suspicion at once. The prisoners were generally hustled to the old police station not far from the Winter Palace. Here, with or without perfunctory interrogation, they were shood up against the courtyard wall and shot. The staccate sounds of death were muffled by the

roar of truck motors kept going for the purpose." This was the Red Terror in action.

The tragedy of all this cannot be measured by numbers alone; these people were the best that Russia had. They were the leader class. They were the priests, and lawyers, and merchants, and army officers, and university professors. They were the cream of Russian civilization.

The total effect was much the same as it would be in any country. With its small middle and upper class exterminated, Russia's peasant and worker population accepted Jewish Bolshevism without profest. The Russian masses, deprived of its spokesmen and leaders was simply incapable of counter-revolution. That was what the Red Terror set out to accomplish . . . .

### The Third International

A basic tenet of Marxist ideology was, and is, the promotion of world revolution. The Bolshevik leadership undertook in 1919 to further this aim by establishing the Third International, which convened in March of 1919. Its presiding officer was Lenin, and its first president was the Jew. Zinoview, who remained its head until 1926.

The prime objective of the Third International was to establish communist parties in the various countries of the world, and to lend them aid and assistance in overthrowing their respective governments. Prospects of success were bright in the spring of 1919...

# Rosa Luxemberg's Revolution

The first country to experience a communist revolution outside of Russia was Germany. The German government, which had abetted the Bolshevik coup in 1917 by facilitating Lenin's return to Russia via the sealed railway car, was in 1918 faced with a revolution of its own.

In many respects the German Kevolution paralleled the one in Russia. As World War I reached the climatic year of 1918, and as German manpower losses mounted, the Jew-dominated German Social Democratic Party spread the seeds of defeatism among the German population much as the Bolsheviks had done in Russia. On November 3rd a mutiny broke out in the navy at Kiel, followed by rioting by the Social Democrats. On November 9th the Kaiser renounced his throne and the Social Democrats proclaimed a Socialist Republic. Two days later, on Nov. 11th, they agreed to an Armistice with the Allies.

There now occurred an event which was to embitter the German people against the Jews for all time, and which eventually resulted in the rise of Adolph Hitler. This was the demobilization of the German armies. It should be explained that Germany did not surrender by the terms of the November 11th Armistice; the agreement was that all

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ROSA LUXEMBURG

German armies were to withdraw to the ore-war boundaries of Germany as a preiminary to a negotiated peace. But as the German armies retreated to German soil, the Revolutionary government, fearful lest the Revolution be upset, ordered them demobilized. On November 11th Germany still possessed the mightiest military machine on earth; thirty days later it and nothing. Instead of being able to negotiate peace on the terms of Wilson's Fourteen Points, a helpless and prostrate Germany got the Versailles Treaty.

No sooner had the German armies been demobilized than the more extreme elements of the Social Democratic Party, led by Rosa Luxemberg, laid plans to seize control of the revolution as the Bolsheviks had done in Russia. Aided by funds provided by the Soviet ambassador, Joffe, Rosa Luxemberg's "Spartacus Brad": "Layemberg's "Spartacus Brad": "Layemberg's "Spartacus Brad": "Layemberg's "Spartacus Brad": "Layemberg's "Spartacus Brad": "Layemberg's "Spartacus Brad": "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Spartacus Brad": "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Spartacus" "Spartacus "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Layemberg's "Laye

overthrow the revolutionary government. The revolt, following bloody street fighting, was quelled and its leaders, Rosa Luxemberg and Kar Liebknecht, were imprisoned and later executed by German army officers. Following the execution of Rosa Luxemberg, the Third International dispatched the Jew, Karl Radek, to lead the party. Later the Jewess, Ruth Fischer, assumed control of the German communist party, and remained at its head till 1924.

# **BELA KUN**

Following World War I, Hungary also had a communist Revolution. In this case the instigator was the Jew, Bela Kun (Cohen), who imposed a communist regime on the country in the spring of 1919. Bela Kun had participated in the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, and following the Armistice, he and a group of Jewish revolutionaries, using forged passports, moved into Hungary and established the communist newspaper, Voros Ujsay (Red News). Well supplied with finances by the Soviet government, and aided by the pro-communist resident Jewish

population. Kun quickly became the dictator of all Hungary.

Bela Kun proceeded to follow the pattern of the Bolshevik revolution. Says Encyclopedia Britannica: "Kun's programme was to 'arm at once, and forcibly transfer every industry and all landed property without conservation into the hands of the proletariat. At first he collaborated with the Social Democrats, but soon shouldered them

![](https://samisdat.in/user/pages/03.books/1952%20-%20Behind%20Communism/read/_page_64_Picture_2.jpeg?g-16018011)

with over 200 employees, all landed property over 1000 a.c., every building other than workmen's dwellings. All jewelry, al private property above the minimum (e.g. two suits, 4 shirts, 2 pair of boots and 4 socks) was seized; servants abolished bathrooms made public on Saturday nights; priests, with the insane, criminals and shopkeepers, employing paid assist ants were declared incapable of the active or passive suffrage."

Russia, economic and social chaos. The nationalization of every private bathroom in a country cannot be accomplished without profoundly affecting the social and moral tone of its society. Neither can the land, buildings, and industries of a nation be nationalized without creating havoc. As in Russia, such a program could only be enforced by resorting to the Red Terror. During Bela Kun's three month reign of terror, tens of thousands of people—priests, army officers, mer chants, landcamers, professional people—were butchered.

The communizing of the country's industrial and agricultural resources produced a famine in the cities, and this, combined with the peasantry's antipathy for the Jews, resulted in Kun's eventual overthrow. In an amazingly frank report, the "New International Year Book of 1919 (Dodd, Mead, Co., page 587) has summarized the situation: "One of the chief weaknesses in the new regime was antipathy to the Jews. In the country districts the feeling was widespread that the revolution had been a movement on the part of the Jews to size the power for themselves, and the remark was frequently heard that if the Jews of Budapest died of starvation, so much the better for the rest of the country. The government of Bela kun was composed almost exclusively of Jews who held also the administrative offices. The communist had united at first with the socialists who were not of the extremely radical party, but resembled somewhat the Labor parties or

away above their heads. In the first triumvirate Zinoviev treated Stalin in a circumspectly patronizing manner; Kamenev with a touch

of irony."

Linoviev was considered to be the senior triumvir, and he gave the opening address at the 12th Party Congress, a function heretofore reserved to Lenin. Zinoviev was not well received in this capacity, and before the Congress had adjourned, Stalin's control over the party machine gave him a dominant position in the triumvirate. This was the situation shortly after Lenin's death.

### talin to Power

Stalin now moved to consolidate his position. In April of 1925 he sngineered Trotzky's removal as War Commissar. In the same month te broke with Zinoviev and Kamenev, and allied himself with politburo

members Bukharin, Rykov, and Tomsky.

Trotzky, Zinoviev, and Kamenev now united their forces in opposition to Stalin. But now it was too late. In February of 1926 Zinoviev was expelled from the Politburo, then from the presidency of the Petersberg (Leningrad) Soviet, and finally as president of the Thiro International. Less than a month later (October 23) Trotzky and Kamenev were also expelled from the Politburo.

This marked the end of any effective resistance to Stalin. The next year Zinoviev, Kamenev, and Trotzky were removed from the party's Central Committee, and shortly afterwards all three were read out of the party. In 1929 Trotzky was exited aboved. In June of 1920 Stalin

became the supreme dictator of Russia

of the Jewish phase of communism. In support of this, it is pointed out that while such Jews as Trotzky, Zinoviev, Kamenev, Martynov, Zasulich, Deutsch, Parvus, Axelrod, Radek, Uritzky, Sverdlov, Dan, Lieber, Martov, and others were prominent in the early history of the revolution, these have almost without exception been executed or exiled. This on the surface is a convincing argument. But it completely overlooks the fact that Stalin has both a Jewish wife and a Jewish son-in-law. Both Stalin and his daughter, Svetlana, have married into the powerful Jewish Kaganovich family.

### Stalin's Past

Some authors have suggested that Stalin is himself a Jew. Known facts do not beer this out. Stalin (born Joseph Vissarionovich Djugashvill) was born in the mountain village of Gori, situated in the province of Georgia, in 1879. His father, Vissarion Djugashvill, was a peasant from the neighboring town of Dido-Lilo—his mother was

![](https://samisdat.in/user/pages/03.books/1952%20-%20Behind%20Communism/read/_page_67_Picture_2.jpeg?g-16018011)

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who, even after his father became dictator, worked as an electriciar and a railway mechanic.

Stalin's second wife was Nadya Alliluyeva, who bore him a son, Vasili, and a daughter, Svetlana. Vasili is now a major-general in the Red Air Force.

Svetlana Stalin has been married twice. Nothing is known of her first husband—we do not even know when the marriage occurred, or where, or who the groom was. It is an official government secret.

![](https://samisdat.in/user/pages/03.books/1952%20-%20Behind%20Communism/read/_page_68_Picture_3.jpeg?g-16018011)

A rare photo of Stalin's daughter, Svetlana, as a child. She is now married to the Jew, Mihail Kaganovich, son of politiburo member, Lazar Kaganovich. Stalin's wife is Rosa Kaganovich.

Svetlana Stalin Marries Kaganovich

The tate, as well as the identity, of Svetlana's first husband remains unknown. But of her second husband there is no doubt whatever; he is Mihail Kaganovich, son of Politburo member Lazar Kaganovich, and he is a Jew.

Ihis leads one to speculate as to the true position of Lazar Kaganovich in Russia today. With a sister married to Stalin, and a son married to Stalin's only daughter, he is to say the least, in a unique position. Just where Stalin's power leaves off and Kaganovich's begins is difficult to determine.

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### KAGANOVICH

Lear Moiseywich Regenovich, 48, probably the abilitat man on the Politione, is one Canalisser for Oil. He developed the Doneth Bosis and built the Macsor wolvery, the roll-ways and oil. The Crar's joils caught him young. Tall, charming and intelligent, be comes of a poor Javith fromly of five bothers, these of whom are now commissors. A sider Ross that lived with Stells, then offer the soldied or his second wife is supposed to have married Stells. The only working Java and Stells. The only working Java and Stells. The only working Java and Stells. The only the movies of Charlic Chaplin and the library than the proposed to have morted Stells. The only he movies of Charlic Chaplin and the library than the stell buyd. Though he needs or shave of left, he is one of the most eligible-locking memors of the Polluter. He is does Stells

The above excerpt is taken from Life magazine, July 14, 1941.

![](https://samisdat.in/user/pages/03.books/1952%20-%20Behind%20Communism/read/_page_70_Picture_4.jpeg?g-16018011)

MOLOTOV'S wife is the sister of the Jew, Sam Karp, owner of the Karp Export-Import Co., Bridgeport, Conn.

![](https://samisdat.in/user/pages/03.books/1952%20-%20Behind%20Communism/read/_page_70_Picture_6.jpeg?g-16018011)

SVETLANA MOLOTOV, half-Jewish daughter of Russia's vice-premier, was betrothed to Vassili Stalin when this picture was taken in 1951.

### IRON CURTAIN DICTATORS

In the communist satellite nations, as in Russia, the Jews occupy virtually every key position of power. Perhaps no better proof of this can be found than in John Gunther's book, "Behind the Iron Curtain." Gunther, a Jew-loving "liberal" of the most sickening type, reveals that Poland, Hungary, Roumania, and Czechoslovakia all have Jewish Dictators (see cut). Given here is a brief description of these "Iron Curtain Dictators."

munists, and take part in their administrations.

10. Jews play a very prominent role in several governments. Here we tread delicate ground. The three "Muscovites" who run Hungary are Jews, the men who dominate Poland are Jews, the secretary general of the Communist party in Czechoslovakia is a Jew, Ana Pauker of Rumania is a Jewess. This brings up the grave point that Jews, as a race and a nation, may be unjustly assessed blame—by the ignorant—for the nature of these

The above excerpt is taken from page 40 of John Gunther's "Behind the Iron Curtain." Later in the book Gunther identifies "the three Muscovites who run Hungary," as the Jews, Ratosi, "As, and Gero. He also identifies the Jew who runs Poland as Jacob Berman, and reveals that the Jowish general secretary of the party in Czechoslovskia is Rudolph Slansky. In spite of all this, Gunther Vigorously denies Communium is Jewish.

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AATVAC DAVOCI

"UNGAR": The three "moscovites" mentioned you cannot people, are the Jews, Maryas Womflare (Lobow), are the Jews, Maryas Gollan Vas. Hungar has mid Glinger), and Collan Vas. Hungar has made of the Maryas of the Maryas of the Maryas has made of the Maryas has been seen to the Maryas has been seen to the Maryas has been seen to the Maryas has been seen to the Maryas has had been seen to the Maryas has had been seen to the Maryas had been seen to the Maryas had been seen to the Maryas had been seen to the Maryas had been seen to the Maryas had been seen to the Maryas had been seen to the Maryas had been seen to the Maryas had been seen to the Maryas had been seen to the Maryas had been seen to the Maryas had been seen to the Maryas had been seen to the Maryas had been seen to the Maryas had been seen to the Maryas had been seen to the Maryas had been seen to the Maryas had been seen to the Maryas had been seen to the Maryas had been seen to the Maryas had been seen to the Maryas had been seen to the Maryas had been seen to the Maryas had been seen to the Maryas had been seen to the Maryas had been seen to the Maryas had been seen to the Maryas had been seen to the Maryas had been seen to the Maryas had been seen to the Maryas had been seen to the Maryas had been seen to the Maryas had been seen to the Maryas had been seen to the Maryas had been seen to the Maryas had been seen to the Maryas had been seen to the Maryas had been seen to the Maryas had been seen to the Maryas had been seen to the Maryas had been seen to the Maryas had been seen to the Maryas had been seen to the Maryas had been seen to the Maryas had been seen to the Maryas had been seen to the Maryas had been seen to the Maryas had been to the Maryas had been seen to the Maryas had been seen to the Maryas had been seen to the Maryas had been seen to the Maryas had been seen to the Maryas had been seen to the Maryas had been seen to the Maryas had been seen to the Maryas had been seen to the Maryas had been seen to the Maryas had been seen to the Mar

Rakosi is an infimate of Stalin, knew Lenin reconsulty, and was Commissar of Social Projuction under Bela Kun, He is a typical memrer of the Jewish bureaucracy which controls themational community.

removed a very toreign coffee pointers and control of these very least to the identity of these vice hows the identity of these vice how the identity of the very least to the very least to the very least to the very least to the very least to the very least to the very least to the very least to the very least to the very least to the very least to the very least to the very least to the very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very least very

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result that approximately half of the world's Jewish population has now congregated here. Today, official Jewish sources estimate America's Jewish population to be (1949) 5,185,000. The actual figure is almost certainly higher, and may exceed 7 million . . .

## NEW YORK: Jew Capital of the World

"The newly arrived Jews settled in the metropolitan centers, New York alone absorbing approximately half of the total Jewish immigration. But the "ghethoization" of the East-European Jews in the United States was the result not of objective forces only: it was as much the result of the immigrant's desire to retain all they could of their old way of life,"—Page 218, The Jewish People, Past and Present, Central Yiddish Culture Organization (CYCO) New York.

New York City, with its more than two million Jews, has been the staging ground for the Jewish invasion of the U.S. Here the Jewish immigrant has found a ghetto-like environment similar to the one he left in east-Europe. Here he learns the language and customs of the country. Here he gathers know-how and capital before faring forth into the hinterland of America. Soon he will be buying up a business on the Main Street of Los Angeles, or Dellas or Chicano.

Many lower class Jews, being unable to learn the language or raise the capital, or being otherwise unequipped to go into business or the professions, have settled in New York to become workers and craftsmen. Thus we find Ben Gold's communistic fur workers union, and David Dubinsky's "socialistic" garment workers union, consisting almost entirely of Jews. As would be expected, therefore, New York City has been the seed-bed for communism in the United States.

### U.S. Communist Party

The American Communist Party has never been very large. In 1940 it had an estimated 80,000 members: it has perhaps half that many now. On first appearances this would seem to rule it out as a significant force in American politics. But appearances can be deceptive. Unlike the mass-recruited communist parties of France and Italy, the American communist party is small, carefully chosen, well disciplined, and fanatical. Few—perhaps none—of its membership has been recruited from the sweaty-shirt strata. Its members are college professors and union leaders, physicists and government workers, play-rights and business executives, actors and newspaper reporters. Some of its members are wealthy; almost all are well educated. Its chief asset is its ability to mobilize the combined forces of American Jewry to its use.

## THE TREASON TRIALS

Since early 1945 the communist party has been involved in a series of highly publicized treason and conspiracy trials utterly without precedent in American history. These included the "Amerasia Case," the "Gerhart Eisler Case," the "Judith Coplin Case," the "Alger Hiss Case," the "Hollywood Ten Case," the "Fush-Gold Atom Case, "the "Chis-Gold Atom Case," and the case of "Eugene Dennis and the Convicted Eleven."

It was impossible, of course, to conceal altogether the Jewishness of the overwhelming majority of the defendants. But Jewish propagandists exhausted every trick in trying. One Jewish publication—Look magazine—ran a picture story on the spy trials in which the defendants were variously described as "typical Americans". "American born" . . and "as American as apple pie." So there will be no further doubt regarding the racial identity of the American communist party, we have accumulated photographs and data on virtually every communist indicted or tried for communistic activity since 1945. The reader may judge for himself.

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Philip Jaffe, editor of "Amerasia," and head of the ring which stole 1700 secret documents. Like many other high ranking reds, he originally came from the Pale of Settlement.

### Amerasia Case

In early 1945 the FBI arrested six individuals, three of whom are known Jews, for stealing 1700 highly confidential documents from State Department files. This was the Amerasia Case. Those arrested were

PHILIP JAFFE, a Russian Jew who came to the U.S. in 1905 the was editor of the magazine 'Amerasia,' and was the forme aditor of the communist paper 'Labor Defense." He was conjucted and fixed.

ANDREW ROTH, a Brooklyn porn Jew with a lieutenant's commission in Naval Intelligence

MARK GAYN, a writer, born n Manchuria of Russian-Jewish parents. His Jew name is Julius Ginsberg. JOHN STEWART SERVICE, a nigh State Department official who gave Jaffe much of the stolen

gentile.

ALSO ARRESTED were Em manuel Larsen and Kate Mitchel

nationality unknown

Only two of those arrestee were actually brought to frial although the Justice Department's case was considered airtight. The trial of the ringleader, Philip Jaffe, was one of the strangest on record. Late one Friday afternoon he was rushed into court without any previous notice or publicity, and before anyone knew what was going on he pleaded guilty, and was sentenced and fined. By paying the comparatively insignificant sum of \\$1,500.00 he was relieved from the danger of any future prosecution.

John Stewart Service was not prosecuted, nor was he discharged from his high State Department position. The State Department, despite the constant prodding of Senator McCarthy of Wisconsin, refused to accept the evidence against him. Four times he was called before the State Department's "loyalty board." and four times he was cleared and four times he was cleared

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Andrew Roth aided in the theft of State Department documents, He is a Brooklyn Jew.

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JOHN STEWART SERVICE

This in spite of an FBI wire recording of his transactions with Jaffel Not until the fifth loyalty hearing was it decided that there were "reasonable" grounds for suspecting his loyalty. This came six years after the original arrests. Somewhere, hidden hands were pulling wires.

# **ALGER HISS CASE**

The second treason case also involved the State Department. This was the trial of Alger Hiss, protege of Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter. Hiss, like Acheson, was a student under Frankfurter at Harvard.

Hiss was one of the most influential men in the State Department. At Yalta he had been a Roosevelt advisor; at San Francisco he helped draw up the United Nations charter. And he was an intimate friend of the secretary-of-state.

Hiss, although a communist, was not convicted for being one. He perjured himself by denying his communist activities, however, and it was on this charge that he was tried and convicted.

The Alger Hiss trial was also a unique one. Dean Acheson's wife compaigned to raise funds for his defense. Acheson himself declared I'll not turn my back on Alger Hiss." Felix Frankfurter actually too the witness stand to testify as a character witness for his protege In spite of all this, Hiss was convicted and sent to the penitentiary

Frankfurter's role in this treasonable drama is worth commenting on. An immigrant Jew from Austria, he has a life-long affinity for

![](https://samisdat.in/user/pages/03.books/1952%20-%20Behind%20Communism/read/_page_77_Picture_6.jpeg?g-16018011)

Judith Coplin, a convicted spy, is also Jewish. She worked for the Justice Department.

## Judith Coplin

One of the most publicized treason trials was that of Jewish Judith Coplin, in June of 1949. She was caught red-handed passing classified documents from Justice Department files to a Russian agent, who happened to be employed by the United Nations. She was convicted of espionage and sentenced to 15 years in prison. Later the conviction was set aside by the Supreme Court on the grounds that the FBI had arrested her improperly and without a warrant. It pays to have a friend on the Supreme Court, or so it would seem . . .

pro-Marxist causes. He first attained prominence as one of the

defenders of Sacco and Vanzetti

Frankfurter, along with Lehman and Henry Morgantheau, is one of the most influential Jews in America today, In addition to Acheson and Hiss, he has been responsible for the placing of an estimated 200 of his "proteges" in high places. These include: (1) Nathan Wirt, former general secretary of the National Labor Relations Board; (2) Lee Pressman, chief legal counsel for the CIO; (3) John Abt, key attorney for the SEC, AAA, and WPA. All are Marxist Jews; Pressman has admitted being a card carrying party member.

Frankfurter may or may not be a communist, but an amazing number of his proteges, including Alger Hiss, have turned out to be.

That was the background of the Alger Hiss Case

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GERHART EISLER, highest ranking communist ever convicted in the U.S. He's Jewish.

### Gerhart Eisler

The highest ranking communist verbrought to trial in the U.S. was Gerhart Eisler. Between 1935 and February of 1947 he was the secret boss of the Communist Party in the U.S. In those years he communed regularly between the U.S. and Russia, using the aliases Berger, Brown, Edwards, and others. His right hand man, and the second ranking cominform agent in the U.S. was J. Peters, author of the "Peters Manuel." His real name was Goldberger, and like Eisler he is Jewish.

Several of Eisler's family have also been prominent in the Party. A brother, Hans, has built an out-

A brother, Hans, has built an outstanding reputation as a writer of revolutionary songs. He is presently employed as a songwriter in Hollywood. A sister, Ruth Fischer, was a communist agent for a number of years.

In May of 1950, while free on bail, Eisler fled the U.S. on the Polish ship Batory and is now propaganda chief of Russian-occupied Eastern Germany.

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cademy award winning actress Gale Sondergaard.

(3) Lester Cole, also a party member.(4) Edward Dmytryk, who belongs to 15 fronts. Fined and sen-

(5) Ring Lardner, Jr., a script writer and party member.

(6) John Howard Lawson, a Broadway playright and screen writer.

(7) Albert Maltz, wrote "Merry-go-Round," "Snake Pit." A party

(8) Sam Ornitz, a screen writer.

9\) Adrian Scott, nationality not verified.

(10) Dalton Trumbo, a party member.

### he American Politburo

One of the top news stories of 1949 was the trial of Eugene Dennis and the Convicted Eleven. Collectively, this group comprised the National Secretariat of the American Communist Party: in other words, the American Politburo.

The much publicized trial was held in the court of Judge Harold Medina. Perhaps no other single event has served better to demonstrate the Jewishness of the American communist party. Here were

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The "Convicted Eleven" were, next to Gerhart Eisler, the highest ranking communists ever convicted in the U.S. This "American Politburo" consisted of six Jews and five non-Jews.

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Harry Gold (Jew name Goldodnitsky). A chemist, he was born in Switzerland of Russian-Jewish parents. He studied at Drexel University University of Pennsylvania, and Xavier University. He was a courier for

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ABRAHAM BROTHMAN

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DAVID CREEKIGLASS

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ROBT. OPPENHEIME

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David Greenglass, the son of a Russian-Jewish father and a Polish-Jewish mother, was one of those who passed atomic information to Gold. Between 1943 and 1946 he was employed at the vital atomic installation at Los Alamos, New Mexico. He also gave Julius Rosenberg vital information concerning the "fuse" used to detonate the A-bomb. Significantly, the chief of the Los Alamos project at this time was the Jew, Robt. Oppenheimer. Klaus Fuchs was also passing A-bomb information to Harry Gold from Los Alamos during this period.

Abraham Brothman was another member of the ring. He headed the engineering firm of A. Brotham and Associates, Long Island

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ISRAEL WEINBAUM

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MIRIAM MOSCOWITZ

N. Y. He supplied Gold with secret data on aviation gasoline, turbo aircraft engines, and synthetic rubber. So valuable was his contribution that a Russian official allegedly told him his efforts were worth two brigades to Soviet Russia. He was arrested on July 27th, 1950, for conspiracy against the U. S., and was convicted.

Miriam Moskowitz was also caught in the spy net. A graduate of the City College of NYC, she was arrested August 17, 1950 as part of the same apparatus. She was employed by the War Manpower Commission between 1942-44, and was later associated with the Brothman firm. Miriam is Yiddish. She was convicted.

Sidney Weinbaum, a product of Russia's "Charkoff" Institute of Technology, came to the U. S. in 1922. His real name is Israel Weinbaum. He was connected with the radiation laboratory at Cal-Tech for four years, during which time he furnished the Soviet government with atomic secrets. He was convicted on a perjury charge.

Alfred Dean Slack, was the only gentile besides Fuchs to be apprehended. While employed at the Oak Ridge establishment he gave atomic information to Harry Gold. He is also believed to have given Gold intelligence about a new secret explosive while employed

> at Kingsport, Tenn. His alma mater is Syracuse University.

The Rosenbergs

Three other members of the Fuchs-Gold ring were also arrested. However, unlike the first seven—who pleaded guilty—they chose to plead "not guilty." As a result two of them—Julius and Ethel Rosenberg — received the death penalty and the third, Morton Sobell, received 30 years in prison.

Julius Rosenberg was born of Russian-Jewish parents. An electrical engineer and a graduate of the City College of New York City, he was instrumental in recrutting Greenglass into the spy

![](https://samisdat.in/user/pages/03.books/1952%20-%20Behind%20Communism/read/_page_83_Picture_8.jpeg?g-16018011)

JULIUS and ETHEL ROSENBERG

ring. While employed at the Emerson Electric Company he stole the plans for the highly secret proximity fuse which is now being used against American planes in Korea. He also aided in the theft of atomic

secrets. His job was to digest intormation from Greenglass, and then pass it on to Soviet agents. He was sentenced to death.

Ethel Rosenberg, wite of Julius, was convicted of the same charges at the same time. She is a sister of David Greenglass. David Greenglass's wife acted as a courier between Greenglass and the Rosenbergs, but for some reason was not put on trial.

City College of New York City. He and Rosenberg were classmates together. Sobel passed electronic data to Rosenberg, includ

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MORTON SOBELL

ng radar secrets. He tled to Mexico to escape arrest, was returned by Mexican authorities. He was convicted for conspiracy to commit espionige and was sentenced to 30 years in prison.

### Behind the Atom Treason

The question which instantly comes to mind is: how were communist agents able to ferret out our valuable atom secrets when so much secrecy surrounded the entire project? Why was it that Russia had the full secret of atom-bomb manufacture before the American people even knew of the existence of atomic weapons? These questions are especially puzzling when we consider the fantastic security measures taken to safeguard the secret. Bob Considine once described a fire which burned down a large building housing an atomic installation. Although firemen could have easily saved the building, plant quards would not permit them to enter the restricted area because they didn't have authorized passes! Not even members of the U. S. Congress were let in on the secret. Yet the Soviet agents were able to penetrate this security wall as though it weren't there. How did they do it?

First it should be remembered that a central figure in the atomic program was Albert Einstein, a foreign-born Jew with a record of 16 red fronts to his credit. It has never been proven that Einstein is an actual party member, but there can be absolutely no doubt as to where his sympathies lie. Nor can there be any doubt regarding the red tint of his friends. A list of those around Einstein reads like a Who's Who of Communism. It was Einstein who was instrumental in having Fuchs

brought to the United States.

Furthermore, it should be remembered that the chief of the Los Alamos installation between 1943-45, when most of the secrets were stolen, was the Jew, Robert Oppenheimer. Robert Oppenheimer has a brother, Frank, who is also an atomic scientist and who is, or was, a card carrying communist. Frank Oppenheimer belonged to "Professional Unit No. 122 of the Communist Party," while on the staff at Cal-Tech.

![](https://samisdat.in/user/pages/03.books/1952%20-%20Behind%20Communism/read/_page_85_Picture_2.jpeg?g-16018011)

Left to right: W. W. Waymack, L. L. Straus\*, David Lilienthal\*, R. F., Bacher\*, Sumner Pike. In 1945 Harry Truman removed atomic energy from military authority and placed it under this Jew-dominated board, headed by David Lilienthal. Lilienthal had a pro-communist record.

Finally, it should be noted that shortly after V-J day Harry Truman turned America's atomic energy program over to a board consisting of five men, three of whom were Jews, Not only that, but the Jewish chairman, David Lilienthal, had belonged to at least two communist fronts previous to his appointment. This was the background to the atom treason.

### Scientist X

There have been other instances of Jewish treason in our atomic energy program. Witness the case of the much publicized "Scientist X" who from 1943 on passed vital atomic information to Steve Nelson.

"Scientist X" proved to be a Jew by the name of Joseph W. Weinberg of the University of Minnesota.

Steve Nelson? His real name is Mesarosh and his birthplace is Belgrade. "Nelson" studied at the Lenin Institute in Moscow and resided in Russia from September of 1931 to July 1943. Recently cited for contempt of Congress, he was originally arrested for deportation in 1922 when it was found that he had fraudulently entered this country by using the passport of one Joseph Fleishinger, a cousin . . . .

![](https://samisdat.in/user/pages/03.books/1952%20-%20Behind%20Communism/read/_page_86_Picture_2.jpeg?g-16018011)

STEVE NELSON

# Canadian Spy Ring

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Fred Rose, member of Parliament and leader of the Canadian Spy Ring, is a Polish-Jew.

Canada has also had spy trouble. There, as in the U. S., the Soviet Embassy served as head-quarters for espionage activity. There, as in the U. S. the principal characters in the plot were Jews.

In early 1945 an employee of the Russian embassy in Ottawa packed hundreds of secret Russian documents into a suitcase and turned himself over to Canadian authorities. As a result, a spy ring was uncovered which included — among others — a member of the Canadian Parliament and a professor at McDill university. Leader of the ring, and by far its most important member, was Fred Rose the Canadian Parliament, Rose, a

ring.
On June 16, 1946, he was sentenced to prison for his activities.
The following year (Dec. 6, 1947) Dr. Raymond Boyer, a professor at

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Dobbs, a New York Jew; (5) Frank Spector, a Russian-Jew; (6) Al Rich-

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THE ROUNDUP: Left to right: Roy Wood, Regina Frankfeld, George Meyers, Philip Frankfeld, Rose Blumberg.

mond, a Russian-Jew. Of the remaining nine, Derothy Healey, Philip Connelly, and Otto Fox are gentile: Carl Rude Lambert is believed to be Jewish, and the identity of the others has not been determined.

Of the five ar rested in the east four a re Jewish They are: (1) Ro Wood, 36, a gen tile and chairmain of the Washington D. C., Communist Party: (2) Regine Frankfeld, 41, a party organizer in Clevelan d; (3) George Meyers, 38

se Blumberg of Brooklyn.

# THREE GENTILES

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ELIZABETH BENTLE

Perhaps some attention should be devoted to three gentiles who have figured prominently in several of the treason trials, and whose names have constantly appeared in the press for several years. The three are: Whittaker Chambers, Elizabeth Bentley, and Vanderbilf Field.

None of the three has been indicted nor convicted of a crime, and none at the present time are party members. In fact, two have become enemies of Communism. Nevertheless they deserve a place in any description of the American communist party.

Vanderbilt Field

Because he is a gentile, and because he has a famous name, Vanderbilt Field is perhaps better known to the American public than

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which provides bail-bond for convicted Reds. He is shown leaving the courtroom after being questioned regarding the source of the Committee's funds. Accompanying him are his Jewish lawyer and two other members of the "Civil Rights Committee."

8

JACOB GOLOS

ny other member of the communist conpiracy. This prominence is not accidental, ewish propagandists, whether communist or or, invariably seek to conceal the Jewish hature of Communism by giving lavish pubcity to gentiles such as Field. As a point of act, Field does not belong to party, nor was he among those arrested when the top eadership was being rounded up.

Field is secretary of the "Civil Rights Congress Bail Fund," which is intrusted with raising bail for party members in trouble. He s married to the Jewess, Anita Cohen, former wife of the convicted spy, Raymond Boyer.

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The question immediately arises as to why so many of these wealthy and privileged Jews embrace Communism. The answer is, of course, that communism is not an economic movement, but a racial movement. Communism cannot be understood, or dealt with, on any other basis.

An Easy Target

There is a question in the minds of many as to how and why the Communists took over Hollywood. To begin with, the Hollywood motion picture industry is the most important vehicle of propaganda in the English speaking world today. In the long run Hollywood exerts a greater influence over the English speaking peoples than all other propaganda mediums combined. It has therefore become a prime target for communist infiltration. And since the film industry is overwhelmingly Jewish, communist agents encountered a minimum of difficulty in setting up shop. To give the reader some idea as to the extent of the Jewish control over Hollywood, we have prepared the following survey of the motion picture industry.

Jews Own the Film Industry

The Hollywood film industry is almost exclusively a Jewish enterprise. In the entire industry there are two, and only two, major Hollywood film producers operated by gentiles. All the rest are Jew-owned.

tures. Both companies, it should be noted, were originally formed by Jews, and were Jew owned and operated until recently. In 1946 Howard Hughes bought an eight million dollar bloc of RKC 306 (assets of the firm are \\$113,638,000.00) and since then has been prominent in directing its affairs. The other gentile firm is 20th Century, Fox, whose president is Spyros Skouras, a Greek.

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LOUIS B MAYER

wmong the motion picture executives, the following are Jewik: Harry Warner, Louis B. Mayer, Dore Schary, Joseph sichenck, Samuel Goldwyn, Barney Baleban, Nate J. Blumreng Inring Bristin, Emmanuel Cohn, Harry Cohn, Armand Deutch, Robt. Lippart, Marcus Loew, Simon S. Sylvan, Leo Spitty, Adolph Zukor. There are scores of others. Since 90%, of the executives are Yiddish, it might be simpler to list he gantile ones.

Jew not only own the Industry, but they fill the key positions at well. Among the Jewish producers and directors are the following the product of the product of the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the following the follo

Irving Cummings, Lee Forbstein, Wm. Fox, Marion Gering, Ubbert Kaufman, Alexander Korda (Br.), Carl Leammle, Sidney Lanfield, Mitchell Leisen, Jesser, Harry Rapf, Irving Rapper, Mar Reinhardt, Charles Rogers, Mark R. Sandrich, Alfred Santel, I. J. Schnitzer, Jack H. Skirball, John N. Stahl, Joseph von Sternberg.

### The Big Three

The three largest motion picture firms in Hollywood are completely Jewish, and in a very real sense they dominate the industry. The "Bir Three" are

LOEWS, INC., the giant of the industry, with assets listed at \\$223,141,585.43. Its founder was Marcus Loew, a Jew, and its current president is Nicholas Schenck, a Russian-Jew from the Pale of Settlement. Loews, Inc. owns Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM), whose president was Louis B. Mayer for many years. Dore Schary, a Jew with four communist fronts to his credit, now heads MGM.

PARAMOUNT PICTURES, INC., with assets listed at \\$185,588, 505.00, is the second largest film producer in Hollywood. Its president is the Jew, Barney Balaban. Paramount also owns the American Broadcasting Company (ABC).

WARNER BROTHERS PICTURES, INC., is the third largest picture company in Hollywood, with assets of \\$176,284,761.00. Its presiden is Harry Warner, a Polish Jew. There were originally four Warne

NOTE: The following Jewish writers are prominent. ("indicates communist front affiliation, Norman Corvin, Oxcer Hammerstein III", Moss Hart', Lonnson Hart, Lillian Hellman", Fannis Hust, George S. Kaufman", Sidney Kingsley, John Howard Lawson", Edward Dmytryk", Alvah Sassie", Lester Colle\*, Ring Lardern Jr.\*, John Howard Lawson", Albert Mallst, Sam Ornits\*, Dalton Trumbo\*, Clifford Odets\*, Dorothy Parker\*, Elmer Rice\*, Richard Redger, in Shaw", George Sklar\*, Sam Spewack, John Wastey, Morrier Rysthind, Richard Malbaum, Edwin Justis Mayer\*, Arthur Sheekman, Leonardo Bercovict\*, Allen Borets, Sidney Buchman, Edwin Justis Mayer\*, Arthur Sheekman, Leonardo Bercovict\*, Allen Borets, Sidney Buchman, Edwin Justis Mayer\*, Arthur Sheekman, Leonardo Bercovict\*, Philip Epstein\*, Doroth, Fields, Herbert Fields, Joseph Fields, Daniel Fuchs, Michael Gold\*, Edmund Gouding, Howard Green, Sam Hullman, S. G. Hoffenstein, James Rion, Arthur Kobae\*, Perhapt her reader will understand how communist propaganda gets into the movies after seeing this partial list of pro-communist writers employed by the fillin companies.

brothers: Samuel, Harry, Albert, and Jack. In addition to their Hollywood holdings, the brothers at one time owned 530 theatres in the U.S., and 35 film exchanges throughout the world.

Positions number four and five go to 20th Century Fox and RKO Pictures, described above

UNIVERSAL PICTURES, INC., with assets of \\$47,984,034,00, is the sixth largest film company in Hollywood. Its president is the Jew, Nate J. Blumberg.

COLUMBIA PICTURES, INC., with assets of \\$39,521,240.00, is number seven in Hollywood. Its president is the New York Jew, Harry Cohn. This completes the roster of Hollywood picture producers with assets of twenty million dollars or more. Of the seven firms listed above, five are totally Jewish owned and operated, and the other two were formerly Jewish owned, and may still be in part. There are several smaller firms which we have not listed, and they too are overwhelmingly Jewish. (Note: Above names and figures apply to the year 1950)

### "Kosher Valley"

Hollywood has become a Jew town. The Fairfax area, which is the heart of the Hollywood residential district, is slightly more than 60%, Jewish, according to Jewish statistics \[published in the California Jewish Voice\]. Virtually every shop and store in Hollywood is Jew-owned. The Jews operate the theatres, restaurants, drug stores, clothing stores—even the cigarette machines. A visit to the neighborhood theatres and eating places will indicate even to the skeptic that Hollywood is predominately inhabited by east-European Jews. In nearby Los Angeles, Hollywood is sometimes referred to as "Kosher Valley".

Because the Hollywood stars are the industry's stock-in-tradetis merchandity, so to speak-they are mostly speallie. A given picture may have a Jaw producer, a Jaw director, and Jaw writer, but generally all the public sees is the prefiled-up gentile actor. But even this generalization its breaking down to a surprising degree. An amazing number of actors (and almost all the bit players and exitas) are either Jawish, or married to Jaws. In Hollywood many for going to be with a hock-normed Khazar Jaw. Hive I is a partial list of Hollywood stars who are, or have been, married to Jaws: Doris Day (Mekher). LIII Palmer (Peissr). Jams Lejah (Curit-

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JENNIFER JONES

Madge Evans (Kingsley), Jennifer Jones (Selznick), Joan Bennet (Wanger), Allan Ladd (Card-Ledere), Merie Obbern (Korda) Joyce Mathwes (Berle), Eleanor Parker (Friedlob), Norma Sheare (Kinblabera), Ruh Roman (Hall-Schiff), Nancy Olson (Lerner, Eleanor Holms, (Rose), Gig Young (Rosensiain), Mirlam Hopkins (Litvak) Myrna Dell (Buchslei), Wendy Sarrie (Meyer), Jean Howard (Feldman), Joan Blair (Copin), Dick Powell (Blondell), Gary Merril (Cardon), John Schott, Wendy Keels (Litvak), Mercy (Latina), Garden (Parks), New Gery (Latina), Roby Keels (Litvak), Jehn (Januar), Galanore, Garden (Parks), Mercy (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Garden (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Garden (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Garden (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jehn (Litvak), Jeh

### Propaganda in the Movies

For many years Hollywood limited its activities to the more subtle types of propaganda, but in recent years this has changed. Hollywood has now committed itself to producing at least four "race" pictures annually. Most of these pictures are destined beforehand to lose money, and are made for purely propaganda purposes. Some are so inflamatory they cannot be shown in certain sections of the United States.

Typical examples of this type of picture are: "Intruder in the Dust," "Pinky," "Crossfire." "Gentleman's Agreement." "No Way Out," and "Home of the Brave." Invariably these pictures seek to inflame minority groups by portraying them as being abused and persecuted by white "bigots." Such propaganda is frankly designed to arouse race had among Negroes, Mexicans, Jews, and other so-called minority groups. These people are being systematically tought to think and act in terms of race — they are being faught a hate philosophy. But there is another aspect to this kind of propaganda. While minorities are being tought race consciousness, the white majority is instilled with a sense

Hellywood is in more ways than one the land of makbelieve. The film industry can take a pock-marked, file butted little Javess out of the ghettos of Poland and makther the properties of the properties of the properties of the properties of the properties of the properties of the give her a new completion with make-up putty, paint of phenes to give her a pitasing volce. A million dollow properties of the properties of the properties of the properties of formula by which a Javestar is borrecevently that is in formula by which a Javestar is borrecevently that is in

cates communist front affiliation); Eddia Contest Blands
Barnes (Gittle), Joan Blondell, Charlie Chapile (Tono
Stein), Tony Curtis (Schwartz), Betty Davis', Marlene Diet
rich, Melvyn Douglas' (Hesselberg), Deanna Durkin, John
Garfield' (Garfinkle), Frankie Laine, Hedy Lamar (Krisler)
Raulette Goddard', Douglas Frankie Laine, Hedy Lamar (Krisler)
Judy God
Judy (Gemm), Judy Hollidas' (Tuvim), Paul Muni (Weisen
frand), Danny Kaye' (Kaministy), Larry Parks', Grouche
frand), Danny Kaye' (Kaministy), Larry Parks', Grouche

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DANNY KAYE

Kennan, Wynef (Leopoid), Ed Wynn, Farley Granger, Sylvia Sidney\* (Koakow), Robert Merrill, the Rift Brothers, The Andrew Sidners, Henry Morgani, Bobby Brenz, Benny Baker (Zifkin), Henry Brenz, Benny Baker (Zifkin), Brenz, Barrill Goodman, J. Edward, Indensal, George Burn, (Binbaum), Gracie Allen, Head Barrill (Goodman), J. Edward, Brenz, Barrill (Elest, Mary Ellin, Allenot (glict), Bert Lahr, Francis Lederer, Lew Lehr, Jerry Levik, Peter Lorre, Alice MacMahon, Pola Negri, Parkysharka (Harry Elistria), Luise Ranier, Gragory Rafoff, Victor Borre, Pinkey Lee, Adolph Menjou, Milchà Auer. (In fairness, the last two named are violently anti-communist. Menjou Milchà Auer. (In fairness, the last two named are violently anti-communist. Menjou Chilly in findion with a Marie Converted to Christianity. Both Nave had diffi-Sammy Kaye, Stella Adler, Morrie Amsterdam, Albert Basterman, Polly Berger, Efficient Carmovky, Mary Ellis, Sydney Rox, Sam Jaffe, Sam Lerine, Noal Madicament Meyer, Maurice Mosovitch, Florence Reed, Joseph Schildstray, Sid Silvers, George Sfonce, Conrad Voldt, Lous Wollshein, There are, of course, hundreds of others.

of guilt for these "wrongs" committed against minority groups. We are taught that consciousness of race is "un-American" and a manifestation of bigotry. We are told that all races are the same, and that we should discard the concept of race.

In this respect, all Jewish propaganda squares exactly with the communist line. There is a popular mis-conception to the effect that

communism strives to set one race against another. This is a half-truth which means it is more dangerous than a lie. The one thing communists fear more than anything else is a rebirth of race consciousness among the great white majority of the Christian world. The communists remember that the very instant the German people became race-cons-

Hollywood is literally craviling with sastern European Jews who hold down high paylong obbs in the film industry. Here is a miscalianous list of high-paid Jews in Hollyong ("Indicates communist front affiliation): Milton Sperling", Irring Pichel", Vincerel Minnell", Anable Litvak", Benjamin Kahaen, Dashiel Hammel", Wm. Gropper", Lewis Browse, Larry Adler", Harry Astt, Carlton Alsop, Leonard Bernstein, Herman Bing, David Diamond, Charles Einfeld, Sylvie Ring, H. Freulch, David Garber, Benjamin Glazer, Harry Green, Monroe Greenthal, Bernard Herbrun, B. F. Holtman, S. G. Holtman, Samuel Keglin, George E. Kann, Sam Katt, Arthur R. Kohn, Jesse Lasty, Michael C. Leves, Sam Evane, Parken C. Berne, Simil Ludwig, Abe Polonsiy\*, Harold J. Rome\*, Jos. Isaac Schnitzer, Edward Selzer, Milton Shumlift, Harry Toblas, Manny Wolf, Jack Yellon.

The following are the leading musical directors in Hollywood: Nathanial Firston, Boris Morros, Erno Rapee, Max Steiner, Alfred Newman, Hugo Reisenfeld. The following Jewish musicians, although not strictly Hollywood personalities, are nevertheless indirectly associated with the film colony: Jascha Helfetz, Mischa Elman, Fritz Kreisler, Yeludi Menubin, Nathan Wiltish Lovad, Stand Lovad, Auto Schadel, Occas, Landa Alberta, Visited, Marcha Landa (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (Marcha) (March

Horowitz, Alexander Brailowsky, Wanda Landowski, Jan Peerce

cious, they turned with deadly fury against Jewish-communism. They know the same thing could happen in this country. Therefore, all communist—and Jewish—propaganda is directed in an effort to destroy every vestige of race consciousness among the white people. That is what red propagandists seek to achieve with their propagand movies and their "tolerance campaigns."

### Communism vs Zionism

One other question must be discussed briefly. This concerns whether or not all Jews are communists. The answer is no. The reader will remember the earlier description of Communism and Zionism taking hold among the Jews of the Pale of Settlement as competitive movements after 1880. When the Bolsheviks took over Russia in 1917, they sought to impose their way of thinking on the entire Jewish population. As Jews, the Bolsheviks adhered to the belief that Jewish national should be preserved, but they believed it should be orientated toware communism. The Communists regarded Zionism as an impractica scheme, wedded to British imperialism, and impossible of achievement. The Zionists, consisting of the more religious and orthodox Jews, stub-bornly resisted this concept. As a result, the Communist Party established a special Jewish section to deal with the Zionists. They attempted, with only partial success, to win over the children of the Zionists by prohibiting the teaching of Zionism to children under twenty. Now

before labeling this as "anti-Semitism," it should be remembered that these were measures imposed by one section of Jewry upon other Jews, and it should be remembered that Christians received no such preferential treatment.

This fight between Communists and Zionists has lasted right down to the present day. When the state of Israel was formed, tens of thousands of Zionists were permitted to emigrate from Russia and satellite territory to Palestine, in a move which still continues at this writing. (We should note that non-Jaws are NEVER permitted to emigrate from Communist Russia). But communist authorities have been exceedingly reluctant to permit young Jews to emigrate, and in many cases permission has been denied. Thus the fight continues. But the reader should remember that this is a fight between Jews. Whether Communists or Zionists, they still retain their Jewishness, and they stand united again all non-Jews. And although they travel different paths, both Communism and Zionism have the same common goal—domination of the world. Both work and plan for the day when the "chosen race" shall "inherit the earth."

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