BOOKS ON EGYPT AND CHALDAEA

VOL.V

H.R. Hall

L. L.W. K.

Ta H. R.H. Aug. 3rth 1901.

PUBLISHERS' NOTE.

MESSRS. KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRÜBNER & Co., Ltd., beg to announce that they have still in stock a limited number of copies of the work "First Steps in Assyrian" by Mr. L. W. King, which appeared in 1898.

Price of the Work, 15s.

The book contains a large series of cuneiform texts, representing the main divisions of Babylonian and Assyrian literature. They comprise examples of historical, mythological, religious, magical, epistolary, and other documents, and in selecting them care has been taken to include those which are of importance from a historical point of view. The principal Babylonian and Assyrian legends, including the Babylonian versions of the Creation and the Deluge, are also given at length. The texts are printed in cuneiform characters and are furnished with interlinear transliterations and translations, and a full Vocabulary. They thus furnish the beginner with a mass of material for philological study, while at the same time they enable him to acquaint himself at first hand with the most interesting and important literary compositions which the Babylonians and Assyrians have left us. The following is a list of the contents of the work:—

PART I. Grammar, List of cuneiform signs, etc. (pp. 1-cxxxix).

PART II. Texts with interlinear transliteration and trauslation, among which may be mentioned: The names and titles of early Babylonian and Assyrian kings; historical inscriptions of Hammurabi, Rammān-nirari I, Tiglath-Pileser I and Ashur-naṣir-pal; the endowment of the Temple of the Sun-god, from the Tablet of Sippar; the siege of Damascus by Shalmaneser II and the tribute of Jehu, king of Israel, 842 B. C.; Tiglath-Pileser III and Uzziah king of Judah; the tribute of Menahem king of Samaria, 738 B. C.

Part III. Texts to be transliterated and translated (pp. 295—314) Part IV. Complete vocabulary to the texts (pp. 315—399).

BOOKS ON EGYPT AND CHALDÆA.

BY E. A. WALLIS BUDGE, M.A., LITT.D., D.LIT.,

Keeper of the Egyptian and Assyrian Antiquities in the British Museum,

AND

L. W. KING, M.A.,

Assistant in the Department of Egyptian and Assyrian Antiquities in the British Museum.

Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. net each.

Vol. I.—Egyptian Religion: Egyptian Ideas of a Future Life. By E. A. Wallis Budge.

Vol. II.—Egyptian Magic. By E. A. Wallis Budge.

Vol. III.—Egyptian Language: Easy Lessons in Egyptian Hieroglyphics. By E. A. Wallis Budge.

Vol. IV.—Babylonian Religion: Babylonian Religion and Mythology. By L. W. King.

Vol. V.—Assyrian Language: Easy Lessons in the Cuneiform Inscriptions. By L. W. King.

Vols. VI.—VIII.—The Book of the Dead: An English Translation of the Theban Recension, with supplementary Chapters, Hymns, etc., and nearly 400 Vignettes which do not appear in the larger edition published in 1897. By E. A. Wallis Budge.

The above eight Volumes are now ready, and will be followed by:—Vol. IX.—Mesopotamian Magic: A Study of Babylonian Sorcery and Witcheraft. By L. W. King.

Vol. X.—The Rosetta Stone. By E. A. Wallis Budge.

LONDON

KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRÜBNER & CO., Ltd.
Paternoster House, Charing Cross Road
1901

Books on Egypt and Chaldxa

Vol. V.

ASSYRIAN LANGUAGE

PUBLISHERS' NOTE.

Books on Egypt and Chaldæa

ASSYRIAN LANGUAGE

EASY LESSONS IN THE CUNEIFORM INSCRIPTIONS

BY

L. W. KING, M.A., F.S.A.

ASSISTANT IN THE DEPARTMENT OF EGYPTIAN AND ASSYRIAN ANTIQUITIES,

BRITISH MUSEUM

LONDON

KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRÜBNER & CO., LT. PATERNOSTER HOUSE, CHARING CROSS ROAD

201,0

PRINTED BY

ADOLF HOLZHAUSEN,

19-21 KANDLGASSE, VIENNA

PREFACE.

to familiarize the reader with the forms under which he will meet them in the inscriptions. It should be remembered, however, that, as in Assyrian there are duplicate signs for many of the syllables, the same word may sometimes be written in several different ways; the forms here given are those which are of most frequent occurrence in the inscriptions.

The last two ehapters contain a series of short extracts from historical documents together with transliterations and translations and a glossary; every verb is parsed in the footnotes to the texts and every form explained which might prove puzzling to the beginner. The chief object throughout has been to make the reader familiar with the most common signs and words and grammatical forms, so that, after reading through the extracts from texts here given, he will be in a position to attack the longer and more varied inscriptions in my "First Steps in Assyrian".

My thanks are due to Dr. Wallis Budge for many valuable suggestions during the preparation of the work.

L. W. KING.

London, June 17th, 1901

CONTENTS.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

CHAPTER I.

CUNEIFORM WRITING.

The Babylonians and Assyrians employed a system of writing to which the term Cuneiform¹ has been applied from the fact that the characters they used consist of numbers of wedges arranged in various combinations. Through the long course of the history of these two nations cuneiform writing was employed without interruption alike for monumental purposes, public records, literary compositions, letters, and for legal and commercial documents. If the king wished to hand down to posterity an account of his own prowess, or of the extent of his dominions, he engraved his record in cuneiform characters upon stone stelae or along the walls of his palace; and it was in cuneiform characters that the humblest merchant jotted down his accounts on tablets or rough lumps of clay. It was natural that the forms of these characters should vary somewhat in the different periods

¹ From the Latin cuneus, "a wedge".

during which they were employed by the Babylonians and Assyrians, but the chief characteristic of their component parts, i. e., their wedge-shape, from which the writing takes its name, was never dropped; the characters did not cease to be groups of wedges until this method of writing ceased to be employed.

Such a system of writing by means of wedges is very different in appearance from that employed by the ancient Egyptians. The Hieroglyphics, or picture-signs, by means of which the early Egyptians expressed their ideas, were used by their descendants for a period of more than four thousand years, and their modifications in Hieratic and Demotic, which were employed in the later periods by the Egyptian scribes when writing on papyrus, can be traced back to the Hieroglyphics or picture characters out of which they were evolved. A comparison of the Babylonian system of writing with that in vogue in Egypt suggests the question: How did it come about that the Babylonians and Assyrians used characters composed of groups of wedges, instead of employing picture-signs like their contemporaries who dwelt in the valley of the Nile?

To answer this question it is necessary to go back to a period when the Babylonian and Assyrian races known to history were not yet in existence; and when another and an earlier race of men, who came

See Budge, Easy Lessons in Egyptian Hieroglyphics, Chap. I.

On the following page is printed a comparative table which illustrates the development of the cuneiform characters from the early picture-signs. In the

first column of the table the name of the object is given which the sign is intended to represent; in the second column is the pictorial form of the character under which it is found in the earliest Sumerian inscriptions which have been recovered; and in the remaining three columns are given the forms which the characters assume during the later periods of history when the line has given place to the wedge. A period of at least four thousand years separates the earliest from the latest forms of the characters here given.

The sign for the sun among the early Sumerians was a circle representing the solar disc,¹ which can still be recognized in the rough lozenge of the early line-writing; the Assyrian and late-Babylonian form of the character bears little resemblance to a circle, but its development can be traced through the archaic form of the character given in the second column of the table. The second character, representing a star with eight rays, or according to some, the heavens divided into eight equal portions, was employed as the sign for "heaven" and for "god".² If some of the picture signs be turned half round and be looked at from the right hand side, their resemblance to the objects they were intended to represent becomes more apparent, a fact which may

^<sup>1 Similar to the Egyptian O.

^<sup>2 Compare the use of the five-rayed star in Egyptian, e. g., $\star\star\star$ , neteru, "gods".

perhaps indicate that the signs were originally written in a perpendicular and not horizontal direction, as in Chinese. This is particularly the case with Nos. 3, 4, 5, 6, 10 and 11, which represent respectively three peaks of a mountain chain, a rough outline of the head and body of a man, the head and horns of an ox scen from the front, a fish, a foot, and an ear of corn. Of the remaining signs No. 7 represents the heart, No. 8 the open hand, No. 9 the hand and arm, No. 12 a piece of wood, No. 13 a net, and No. 14 an enclosure. If the groups of wedges which represent the Assyrian and late Babylonian forms of the various characters be looked at by themselves, their pictorial origin could hardly be suspected, but when compared with the archaic and outline forms which correspond to them it is

• ¹ Compare the Egyptian ....................................
• ² The Egyptian sign is very similar, though the head of the ox is not seen directly from the front.
  • ³ Compare the Egyptian .
  • 4 Compare the Egyptian J.
  • ⁵ Compare the Egyptian \$\mathbb{\psi}\$.
• The Egyptian sign possibly represents the windpipe with the heart attached.
  • ⁷ Compare the Egyptian .
  • 8 Compare the Egyptian ....................................
• ⁹ The sign III in Egyptian, which represents a hewn block, is similarly employed for stone.
  • 10 Compare the Egyptian , a house-enclosure.

not difficult to trace the different stages of their development.

^<sup>1 See Budge, op. cit., p. 6 f.

^<sup>2 It is true that in later times the papyrus plant flourished in certain parts of Babylonia (see Pliny, Nat. Hist., Bk. XIII, ch. 22, cd. Valpy, vol. V, p. 2287) and that paper was made from it, but it is quite certain that its use was very restricted. It has often been said that the rolls held by the scribes depicted on the Assyrian monuments are made of papyrus, but this view is unsupported by the texts, and it is more probable that they were made of leather.

Specimens of cunciform writing upon clay: I. Inscription of E-annadu, about B. C. 4500. [Brit. Mus., No. 85979.] II. Extract from the "Synchronous History", about B. C. 650. [Brit. Mus., K. 4401.]

of a wedge, or ; hence the character, which was originally a rough outline picture of an object, became a group of wedges. Moreover, by the use of the wedge the writing acquired a regularity and a neatness which was absent from the outline characters. In the course of time the scribe shaped his stilus so as to make the wedge still more defined, and the characters were gradually simplified until in the majority of them it is impossible to trace the original picture forms from which they were developed. In the inscriptions engraved upon stone during the later periods, the outline characters were also dropped, and the wedges were carefully sculptured in imitation of the forms assumed by the signs when written upon clay.

The great extent to which the characters were altered by the use of the wedge in their formation may be seen in the fact that the Assyrian scribes themselves did not know what objects many of the signs originally represented. The tradition of their pictorial origin still remained, but the lists which the scribes drew up of the pictures they supposed the signs to represent show that they had no certain knowledge on the subject, and were in some instances

^<sup>1 On the plate on p. 9 two specimens of eunciform writing upon clay are given, which illustrate the development of the wedge. In the first extract the characters are still half pictorial; in the second the wedge-shaped forms may be seen which they assumed at a later period.

merely making guesses. One of these tablets of picture characters is reproduced on the opposite plate. It will be seen that the tablet is inscribed with a series of double columns; on the right of each column is the cunciform sign to be explained, and on the left the scribe has drawn a number of fantastic objects which he conjectured were the original picture-forms of the characters written opposite them.

^<sup>1 In order to allow the steam to escape from the damp clay during the process of baking, the scribe frequently impressed a number of holes in the surface of the tablet between the characters; the clay was thus prevented from being cracked or broken. Two such holes may be seen in the extract from the "Synchronous History" reproduced on p. 9.

^<sup>1 A system of writing upon elay was also employed in Crete at about this period, where it was probably adopted in consequence of Babylonian influence. Last year Mr. Arthur Evans, in the course of excavations carried on at Kephala, the site of the city of Knossos, found some hundreds of inscribed clay tablets carefully stored in clay jars in the magazines of the Palace; see his paper in the Archaeological Report of the Egypt Exploration Fund (1899—1900), and H. R. Hall, The Oldest Civilization of Greece, pp. 140, 211 f.

CHAPTER II.

THE DECIPHERMENT OF THE INSCRIPTIONS.

We have seen that the method of writing by means of cuneiform characters was employed during a period of more than four thousand years and that it had gradually spread over a considerable portion of Western Asia. It is the more extraordinary therefore that all knowledge of such a method of writing should have entirely disappeared within a few hundred years after the birth of Christ. After the passing of the Assyrian, the Babylonian, and the Persian empires, and the destruction of the ancient cities and seats of learning in Mesopotamia, the knowledge of the Babylonian literature and language gradually died out. The ancient Sumerian records had been buried in the ruins of temples and palaces

^<sup>1 Though seattered references to the cuneiform inscriptions occur in the classical writers (e. g., Herodotus, Bk. IV, ch. 87: Diodorus, Bk. II, ch. 13, ed. Dindorf, p. 90 f.), they have left us no detailed descriptions of cunciform writing such as we possess of the Egyptian method of writing.

during the invasion of the Semites, and when the cities of the Babylonians and Assyrians were in their turn destroyed their literature suffered a like fate. All examples of cuneiform writing, however, had not been obliterated. There still remained upon rocks in Persia, and upon the ruined walls of the old Persian palaces, cuneiform inscriptions which had been engraved by the kings of Persia in the fifth century B. C.; and it was the interest which these inscriptions excited in the minds of modern travellers which eventually led to their decipherment, and to the excavations from which our subsequent knowledge of the cuneiform writing has been obtained.

The ruins of the ancient Persian city of Persepolis, which was captured and partly destroyed by Alexander the Great, presented until comparatively recent times the most striking examples of cuneiform writing which still remained above the surface of the ground. Situated some forty miles to the northeast of Shiraz, the site of the city is easily accessible, and its colossal marble walls and terraces and the huge columns many of which still stand are such as to command admiration. The works of the Arab geographers contain descriptions of the ruins, and

^<sup>1 For an account of Persepolis and of the earlier literature in which the ruins are described, see Sir William Ouseley's Travels in various countries of the East (London, 1819—23), Vol. II, Chap. XI. The best illustrations and plans are those of Stolze in Persepolis, 2 Vols. (Berlin, 1882).

^<sup>1 See Relaçam em que se tratam as guerras e grandes victorias que alcançou o grade Rey da Persia Xá Abbas (Lisbon, 1611). Chap. X, p. 32; French translation (Rouen, 1646), p. 81 f.

^<sup>2 "Litterae ipsae neque Chaldene sunt, neque Hebraeae, "neque Graecae, neque Arabae, neque demum nationis ullius, "quam olim umquam extitisse, aut nune existere compertum sit. "Triquetrae sunt omnes, sed oblonge, formâ pyramidali, vel mi-"nuti obelisei, qualem ad oram posui." [△ is here printed in the margin] "adeo ut nullâ re inter se discrepent, praeterquam "positione ae situ: ita tamen eonformatae, ut mirum in modum "perspicuae sint ae distinetae"; see De Rebus Persarum Epistola (Antwerp, 1620), p. 9 f.

who was the first to undertake a detailed examination of the characters and to make the first practical suggestion with regard to their decipherment. Pietro della Valle in the account he has left of his travels discusses the signs he saw at Persepolis, and from their appearance he arrived at the conclusion that the inscriptions were to be read from left to right,¹ a view which, subsequently, proved to be correct.

Before the publication of Pietro della Valle's letters, an Englishman, Sir Thomas Herbert, made an

examination of the ruins at Persepolis, of which he published an account in the very entertaining volume of his "Travels", and he even hazarded a translation of a few characters of one of the inscriptions which he thought had some resemblance to "the Antick Greek". In a subsequent edition of his work he somewhat modified this statement, remarking that the characters were quite unknown to him, but "well "worthy the scrutiny of some ingenious persons that "delight themselves in this dark and difficult Art or "exercise of deepphering". 2

¹ Some Yeares Travels into Divers Parts of Asia and Afrique (Revised edition, London, 1638). On p. 145 f. he writes: ". . . "wee noted above a dozen lynes of strange characters, very "faire and apparent to the eye, but so mysticall, so odly framed, "as no Hierogliphick, no other deep conceit can be more dif-"ficultly fancied, more adverse to the intellect. These consisting "of Figures, obelisk, triangular, and pyramidall, yet in such "Simmetry and order as eannot well be called barbarous. Some "resemblance, I thought some words had of the Antick Greek, "shadowing out Ahashuerus Theos. And though it have small "concordance with the Hebrew, Greek, or Latine letter, yet "questionlesse to the Inventer it was well knowne; and perad-"venture may conecale some excellent matter, though to this "day wrapt up in the dim leafes of envious obscuritie." In some matters Herbert was not a very accurate observer; of the two colossal bulls, for instance, which flanked au entrance to the palace at Persepolis, he describes the one as "a monstrous great Elephant" and the other as "a Rhinoceros". It is interesting to note the various forms and positions assumed by these beasts in the illustrations to this and subsequent editions of the "Travels".

^<sup>2 Travels (3rd edition, London, 1665), p. 150.

From this period onward accounts of the inscriptions at Persepolis are more frequently met with in the writings of travellers, who, like Pietro della Valle, began to make copies of some of the characters which they saw. The first accurate drawings of the inscriptions, however, are those which were made by Niebuhr, who in 1765 spent nearly a month at Persepolis in making drawings and in taking measurements of the site. The care with which he worked is evinced by the fact that he distinguished the three classes of cuneiform writing which are found at Persepolis (i. e., the Persian, the Susian, and the Babylonian). His copies were extensively studied throughout Europe and they furnished the earliest successful investigators with the materials for the decipherment of the inscriptions.

Of the three kinds of writing which Niebuhr had distinguished it was natural that the Persian, which employed no more than forty signs, should be the first to attract the attention of the early decipherers. The discovery of a method by which the inscriptions might be deciphered was made by Grotefend, who gave an account of his system in a paper presented to the Göttingen Academy in 1802.² By comparing

^<sup>1 See Niebuhr's Reisebeschreibung nach Arabien und andern umliegenden Ländern, Vol. II (Copenhagen, 1778), pp. 119—163.

^<sup>2 Ninety-one years elapsed before this paper was printed, and it was not until 1893 that it appeared; see W. Meyer's paper "G. Fr. Grotefend's erste Nachricht von seiner Ent-

two of the inscriptions copied by Niebuhr¹ he succeeded in deciphering the names of Hystaspes, Darius and Xerxes. Subsequently he also made out the name of Cyrus, and he thus obtained correct values for about a third of the Persian alphabet. Grotefend, however, failed in his attempts at translating the rest of the inscriptions in which the names occurred.² Following up the clue which Grotefend had furnished, the investigation was taken up by others, among whom the names of Rask, Saint Martin, Burnouf and particularly that of Lassen may be mentioned; these scholars by a similar examination of other proper names succeeded in identifying other letters of the alphabet.³ Down to the year 1837, however, the actual contents of the inscriptions still remained unknown.

In the year 1835 the late Sir Henry C. Rawlinson, G. C. B., who was at that time stationed in Persia, began to work at the cuneiform inscriptions. He had not heard of the details of Grotefend's discovery,

zifferung der Keilsehrift" in the Nachrichten von der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften . . . zu Göttingen, 13 Sept., 1893.

^<sup>1 They are published in the Reisebeschreibung, Vol. II, Pl. XXIV, inscriptions B and G.

^<sup>2 For an account of Grotefend's method of decipherment, see the essay he contributed to Heeren's Historical Researches (English translation, Oxford, 1833), Vol. II, pp. 313 ff.

^<sup>3 See the comparative table, compiled by Rawlinson, in Vol. X of the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, opposite p. 53.

Duplicate Inscriptions of Darius and Xerxes, kings of Persia, cut in the rock at Mount Elwend near Hamadan.

^<sup>1 The portions of the inscriptions here reproduced are taken from Sir Henry Rawlinson's copies which are preserved in the British Museum.

Inscription I (lines 11-20).

Inscription II (lines 12-20).

(12.) \ 而

Rawlinson compared the inscriptions sign by sign and noticed that they corresponded, substantially, throughout with the exception of two groups of signs in each; in the copies here printed these groups are underlined. The fact that these groups of signs differed in the two inscriptions might be explained by supposing that they were the names of the different kings who had the inscriptions engraved in the rock

and possibly those of their fathers. But the group of signs which occupies the second place in Inscriptions II, and which from its position seemed to represent the father of the man who set it up, occurs in the first place in Inscription I. This will be clear from the following transcriptions of the differing groups of signs:—

Inscription I.

Inscription II.

d.
$$\overline{Y}$$
$\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$ $\overline{Y}$

Of these groups of signs it will be seen that the group a, which occupies the first place in Inscription I, is identical with the group d, which occupies the second place in Inscription II. Rawlinson

therefore inferred that the king, for whom Inscription I was set up, was the father of the king who set up Inscription II; and, if his reasoning was correct, it followed that the groups b, a and c gave the names of three Persian kings in consecutive order. It now only remained to try the names of some of the kings of the Achaemenian line and see if they would fit in with this hypothesis. The most famous of the Achaemenian kings were Hystaspes, who founded the dynasty, his son Darius, and his grandson Xerxes. On applying to these groups (b, a and c) of cuneiform signs, the forms of the names as known from Zend and Pehlevi (which were cognate dialects to the old Persian language), Rawlinson found that they fitted the groups of signs exactly, and he rightly concluded that he had hit upon the true identifications.

Such was the method by which both Grotefend and Rawlinson succeeded in finding the key to the interpretation of the inscriptions, but, while Grotefend, who lacked any knowledge of Zend or Pehlevi, did little more than discover the reading of these proper names, the clue in Rawlinson's hands was only the beginning of his work of decipherment. After his success with the inscriptions at Elwend he went to Behistun where he made copies and took paper impressions of the Persian sections of the great trilingual inscription which had been engraved upon the rocks there by the orders of Darius the Great.

When in B. C. 521 Darius succeeded to the throne of Persia, after the death of the Magian usurper who had personated Smerdis, he found the empire in a state of confusion, and he spent his early years in stamping out insurrections. Susiana revolted and was subdued; in Babylon a pretended son of Nabonidus sought to restore his country's independence which had fallen before the invasion of Cyrus in

^<sup>1 See Travels in Georgia, Persia, Armenia, etc., Vol. II (London, 1822), p. 146.

In order to prepare a place for the inscriptions Darius had the inequalities of a portion of the rock hewn away and the surface smoothed; parts of the rock which were imperfect were removed and sound

See Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. X, p. 190.

stone was let in, embedded in molten lead, and so earefully was this done that the joins are nearly invisible. Darius aimed at making the record as permanent as possible, and in order to proteet it from destruction or defacement he had it engraved high up on the face of the rock, some three hundred feet from the ground. After the inscriptions had been eut a coating of silicious varnish was laid on, in order to protect the surface from the weather; the varnish has proved for more enduring than the limestone on which it was laid, and in many places stands rigid and retains the shape of the characters when the stone beneath has been worn away by rain and frost.

The seene sculptured upon the rock represents Darius in triumph over his foes. The king is sculptured with his foot upon the prostrate body of the Pseudo-Smerdis, the Magian usurper; and the eight bareheaded figures, who stand before him roped together by their neeks and with their hands bound behind them, represent the impostors who led the different revolts in Susiana, Babylon, Media, Sagartia and Margiana. The last figure in the line, wearing a high cap, is the leader of a Scythian revolt whom Darius defeated while the seulptures were in progress of construction. In the field is the god Auramazda rising from the winged disc. Beneath and on either side of the seulptured scene Darius had a long in-

¹ See the illustration printed on the opposite page.

The Rock of Behistun in Persia, engraved with a scene representing Darius, king of Persia from B. C. 521 to B. C. 485, receiving the submission of the chiefs of the nations who had revolted, and with inscriptions in the Persian, Susian and Babylonian languages describing his wars and conquests.

scription, recording his victories, set up in the three languages, Persian, Susian, and Babylonian.

European travellers who have passed through Behistun have been struck with wonder at this monument, and, until the inscriptions were deciphered, many extraordinary theories were propounded with regard to the meaning of the sculptures. Thus Otter, who travelled in Persia in the eighteenth century, imagined that the figure of the god Auramazda upon the rock at Behistun was a heraldic device. Gardanne visited Behistun in 1808, and he supposed the winged disc to be a cross and the figures beneath it the twelve apostles; and even Sir Robert Ker Porter thought that the figures represented the tribes of Israel in captivity. In the year 1836 Rawlinson began his work of deciphering the inscriptions.

• ¹ For references to the sculptures in the works of the earlier writers and travellers, see Hoeck's Veteris Mediae et Persiae Monumenta (Göttingen, 1818), pp. XIII ff., 138 ff.
• ² Speaking of the road which passes beneath the rock of Behistun, Otter says: "On a eneore pratiqué un petit chemin "sur sa face par où on monte, et l'on voit à une grande élé-"vation douze figures d'hommes en relief taillées dans le roc, et "surmontées d'une cotte-d'armes." See Voyage en Turquie et en Perse (Paris, 1748), Vol. I, p. 187.
• ³ "Plus loin", he says, "sur un roeher élevé, on voit une "croix et les douze Apôtres sculptés." Sec Journal d'un voyage dans la Turquie-d'Asie et la Perse (Paris, 1809), p. 83.
• ⁴ The high cap, worn by the figure at the end of the row of captives, Porter thought was perhaps "an exaggerated re"presentation of the mitre worn by the sacerdotal tribe of Levi".
  See Travels, pp. 159 ff.

¹ τὸ Βαγίστανον ὄρος; ef. Bk. II, ch. 13

^<sup>2 See Travels, Vol. II, p. 158.

During the first two years in which Rawlinson was copying and working at the inscription he made a careful analysis of the first two paragraphs of the Persian text, which record the titles and genealogy of Darius, and in the year 1837 he forwarded to the Royal Asiatic Society a translation of this part

^<sup>1 I. e., an impression taken by means of a specially prepared paper, which is first wetted and then beaten into the characters of the inscription with a brush.

of the Behistun inscription. In working out his interpretation Rawlinson made considerable use of his knowledge of Zend, the ancient language of the Zend-Avesta, a work treating of the religion of Zoroaster which is still used by the Parsecs. Zend and Pehlevi together enabled him to construct a skeleton of the Old Persian grammar; and the excellent result of his investigations was the complete translation of the Persian text of the Behistun inscription, which he published in 1847 together with a full grammatical commentary. This monumental treatise has remained, practically, the standard work until the present time.

The importance of the decipherment of the Old Persian cuneiform inscriptions consists, not so much in the information obtained from the texts deciphered, as in the fact that it supplied the key to the reading of the Babylonian and Assyrian inscriptions. As soon as one of the three languages in which the various trilingual inscriptions were drawn up could be read, the decipherment of the second and third columns, which contain the Susian or "Scythic" and the Babylonian versions, was only a matter of time.

In order to illustrate the three classes of cunciform writing and to show how the Susian and Babylonian

$^{^1}$ His memoir is entitled The Persian Cunciform Inscription at Behistun, and was published as Vol. X of the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society.

versions reproduce the Persian text almost word for word, the name and titles of Darius are printed below in the three languages:—

The name and titles of Darius the Great as written in Persian, Susian, and Babylonian, upon the Rock of Behistun.

I. Persian text.

• 1.
• 2. 人 而 而 曰 一一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一
• 3. 〈() で 言 っ () で っ () 「 っ () ー () 「 っ () ー () ー () ー () ー () ー () ー () ー ()
• 4. 〈三 〉 (
• 5.非行公里面下解令(个百人)的合作人
• 6. 个人们而一个大

II. SUSIAN VERSION.

1.

2. 1 〒 11 - 111 〈 □ 1 / □ 1 〈 □ 11

• 3. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
• 4. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

III. BABYLONIAN VERSION.

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

2.

3. FA EY-

4. 片丛 片丛 下(((

5. 阵【麻【麻【食】井

6. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

It will be noticed that in the Persian text the words are divided by the sloping wedge, \lambda. Dividing the values of the separate signs by hyphens, the text may be transliterated as follows:—

• (1.) a da m (2.) Da a ra ya va u shI Darius,
• (3.) kh-sh-a-ya-th-i-ya va-z-ra-ka (4.) kh-sh-a-ya-th-i-ya the king great, the king

kh-sh-a-ya-th-i-ya-a-na-a-m (5.) V-i-sh-ta-a-s-pa-h-ya-a of kings, of Hystaspes

pu-u-tra (6.) Ha-kha-a-ma-n-i-sh-i-ya¹ the son, the Achaemenian.

In the Susian language the upright wedge, I, is used as a "determinative", and is placed before proper names, names for classes of men such as "king", "son", the personal pronouns for the 1st and 2nd person and the relative. In the following transliteration of the Susian version (II) the sign is not represented by a special symbol:—

• (1.) u (2.) Ta-ri-ya-ma-u-sh (3.) zunkuk ir-sha-r-ra
  I Darius, the king great,
• (4.) zunkuk zunkuk-ip-ir-ra (5.) Mi-ish-ta-ash-pa the king of kings, of Hystaspes

sha-ak-ri (6.) A-ak-ka-man-ni-sh-ya the son, the Achaemenian.

In the Susian version it will be seen that one of the signs is used for a whole word (zunkuk), others are used for syllables, and others for letters. Such a system of writing is more complicated than the Persian alphabetic system, and it employs a considerably larger number of characters; in all, one

^<sup>1 From this transliteration it will be seen that the Persian signs are not entirely alphabetic, inasmuch as a short vowel may be supplied after certain of the consonants.

^<sup>2 See below, chapter III.

hundred and eleven separate characters are used in the Susian inscriptions.

In the Babylonian version (III) the upright wedge, , is also employed as a determinative, but it is only placed before proper names; and the sign (l. 4) is used to indicate that the word preceding it is in the plural. The following is a transliteration of this version:—

(1.) a-na-ku (2.) Da-a-ri-ia-a-mush (3.) sharru
I Darius, the king
rabū(u) (4.) shar sharrāni (5.) mār Ush-ta-as-pa
great, the king of kings, the son of Hystaspes,
(6.) A-kha-ma-an-ni-ish-shi-'

seen that none of the signs are employed for separate letters, but are used for syllables or for complete words. Of the three forms of writing in these trilingual inscriptions the Babylonian is the most complicated not only from the number of the signs

The work of deciphering the Babylonian versions of the inscriptions was carried out by Rawlinson, Hincks, De Saulcy, Oppert, Fox Talbot, and other scholars, who obtained considerable help in their decipherment by comparing the Babylonian words

with kindred roots in Arabie, Syriae and Hebrew. Moreover, their interpretation of the Babylonian and Assyrian language was rendered more eertain by a study of the Assyrian tablets and historieal inscriptions which had meanwhile been excavated at Khorsabad, Nimrūd and Kouyunjik, the sites of the Assyrian eities of Dūr-Sharrukīn, Calah and Nineveh. The exeavations which have been earried on since that time both in Assyria and Babylonia have yielded rich results, and a considerable portion of the literature and history of these two countries has now been recovered.

In conclusion it may be well to note that, although the results obtained by the decipherment of the cuneiform inscriptions are now accepted on all hands by competent judges, the earlier investigators experienced considerable difficulty in obtaining credence for their statements. Many able thinkers at first refused to acknowledge the possibility of recovering the meanings of inscriptions which had been written more than two thousand years ago, the clue meanwhile having been entirely lost, and there were not wanting those who openly branded the pioneer Assyriologists by the name of charlatans. At length, in the year 1857, with a view of deciding the credibility of the statements made by the decipherers, the Royal Asiatic Society devised a test which should settle the question authoritatively. A long and recently discovered cunciform text was chosen (the

eylinder-inseription of Tiglath-Pilcscr I), and the deeipherers were invited to prepare independent versions
of the inseription without communicating with caeh\nother, "each version to be sent scaled to this Society,
"in order to be subsequently submitted to a com"mittee, who would compare the results". The challenge was accepted by Rawlinson, Hincks, Fox Talbot
and Oppert, each of whom produced a translation and
sent it to the Society. When the committee met the
seals were broken by the Secretary of the Society
and the several versions were compared. In May
of that year, at the General Meeting of the Royal
Asiatic Society, the President publicly stated the
opinion he had formed after an examination of the
four translations sent in. His decision is recorded in
the annals of the Society in the following words:—

"He [i. e., the President] had made himself suf"ficiently acquainted with the several translations to
"be satisfied that there was a very close agreement
"with regard to the value of the characters, so that
"the powers of the alphabet, if it might be so termed,
"in which the inscription is written, may be regarded
"as satisfactorily determined, whatever slight and
"unfrequent modification may be hereafter found
"necessary. It was somewhat different with respect
"to the words, the meanings of very many of which

^<sup>1 See the Proceedings of the Royal Asiatic Society, 23rd May, 1857, p. X.

"were differently expressed; yet at the same time, "although individual terms were variously rendered, "there was a remarkable concurrence as to the gen"cral meaning of each paragraph, showing that the "translators were agreed as to the sense of a great "proportion of the words and the construction of the "sentences; upon the whole, therefore, it appeared "to him that a very considerable proportion of the "vocabulary had been determined, and it might be "confidently anticipated that the ability and persev"erance which had accomplished so much, would, "eventually, leave little to be questioned."

CHAPTER III.

CUNEIFORM SIGNS AS SYLLABLES, IDEOGRAMS, AND DETERMINATIVES.

It has already been stated in the first chapter that the system of cuneiform writing was in its origin pictorial; that is to say, the earliest forms of characters were pictures of different objects in nature. When the early ancestor of the Sumerians desired to record the fact that he possessed so many oxen, we may suppose that he took a fragment of stone and either scratched upon it pictures of the heads of oxen to the number he possessed, or he may have scratched a number of straight lines followed by the head of an ox. The rough picture of an ox's head served to convey to the beholder the idea of an ox; in other words it was an ideogram. When clay was adopted as a more convenient writing material than stone for the ordinary business of daily life, the forms of the characters gradually ceased to be pictures, and became mere groups of wedges, and

in the case of only a few signs is it now possible to trace the pictures from which they are descended.

The Babylonians and Assyrians adopted from the Sumerians their method of writing, and, although they modified it in some degree to suit the require-

Although the Assyrians did not possess an alphabet it will be convenient, before we go further, to give a list of the Assyrian vowels and consonantal

See above, p. 42 f.

^<sup>2 See Budge, Easy Lessons in Egyptian Hieroglyphics, pp. 30 ff

sounds. The Assyrian language possesses four short vowels a, e, i and u; four long vowels $\bar{a}$ , $\bar{e}$ , $\bar{\imath}$ and $\bar{u}$ ; and the two diphthongs ai and ia. The language also possesses eighteen consonantal sounds which are given in the following list; they are arranged in the order of the Hebrew alphabet, the corresponding Hebrew characters being given within parentheses:—

^<sup>1 Frequently not distinguished from No. 8 by the Assyrians: pronounced by the Babylonians as g.

In the sign the Assyrians possessed a character for indicating the breathing (see the above list, No. 1), but it is very rarely used; and with this exception they did not possess separate signs for the consonantal sounds. They had a syllabary, not an alphabet, at their disposal, and, if they wished to write out a word phonetically, they had of necessity to write it in syllables. This will be clear if we take examples of a few Assyrian phrases written phonetically. Thus the phrase madatušu amhur, "I received his tribute", could be written phonetically by the Assyrians as

$$\begin{array}{c|ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc$$

Or the phrase ittišun amdahis, "I fought with them", could be written

$$\begin{array}{c|ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc$$

Or the phrase ša lā iknušu ana nīria, "who had not submitted to my yoke", could be written

$$\begin{array}{cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc$$

Or the phrase ušaršid temenša, "I laid its foundation", eould be written

Or the phrase attima rabati, "thou (f.) art great", eould be written

$$\begin{array}{c|ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc$$

Or the phrase puluhti ilūtika, "the fear of thy divinity", could written

$$pu - lu - uh - ti \qquad i - lu - ti - ka$$
the fear of divinity thy.

In the above examples it will be noticed that each of the syllables employed consists of a vowel or a diphthong by itself, or else of one vowel and one consonant. Such syllables are termed simple syllables. The following is a list of vowels, and of simple syllables which begin or end with the various consonantal sounds in Assyrian. They are here arranged alphabetically in the order explained above on p. 52.

Formels
$$\begin{cases} |Y| & (a) \ & = |Y| & (e) \end{cases}$$

$$|P| & (b) \ |P| & (b) \end{cases}$$

$$|P| & (b) \ |P| & (b) \end{cases}$$

$$|P| & (b) \ |P| & (b) \end{cases}$$

$$|P| & (b) \ |P| & (b) \end{cases}$$

$$|P| & (b) \ |P| & (b) \end{cases}$$

$$|P| & (b) \ |P| & (b) \end{cases}$$

$$|P| & (b) \ |P| & (b) \end{cases}$$

$$|P| & (b) \ |P| & (ab) \end{cases}$$

$$|P| & (b) \ |P| & (ad) \end{cases}$$

$$|P| & (b) \ |P| & (ad) \end{cases}$$

$$|P| & (ad) \ |P| & (ad) \end{cases}$$

$$|P| & (ad) \ |P| & (ad) \end{cases}$$

$$|P| & (ad) \ |P| & (ad) \end{cases}$$

$$|P| & (ad) \ |P| & (ad) \end{cases}$$

$$|P| & (ad) \ |P| & (ad) \end{cases}$$

$$|P| & (ad) \ |P| & (ad) \end{cases}$$

$$|P| & (ad) \ |P| & (ad) \end{cases}$$

$$|P| & (ad) \ |P| & (ad) \end{cases}$$

$$|P| & (ad) \ |P| & (ad) \end{cases}$$

$$|P| & (ad) \ |P| & (ad) \end{cases}$$

$$|P| & (ad) \ |P| & (ad) \end{cases}$$

$$|P| & (ad) \ |P| & (ad) \end{cases}$$

$$|P| & (ad) \ |P| & (ad) \end{cases}$$

$$|P| & (ad) \ |P| & (ad) \end{cases}$$

$$|P| & (ad) \ |P| & (ad) \end{cases}$$

$$|P| & (ad) \ |P| & (ad) \end{cases}$$

$$|P| & (ad) \ |P| & (ad) \end{cases}$$

$$|P| & (ad) \ |P| & (ad) \end{cases}$$

$$|P| & (ad) \ |P| & (ad) \end{cases}$$

$$|P| & (ad) \ |P| & (ad) \end{cases}$$

$$|P| & (ad) \ |P| & (ad) \end{cases}$$

$$|P| & (ad) \ |P| & (ad)$$

$$|P| & (ad) \ |P| & (ad)$$

$$|P| & (ad) \ |P| & (ad)$$

$$|P| & (ad) \ |P| & (ad)$$

$$|P| & (ad) \ |P| & (ad)$$

$$|P| & (ad) \ |P| & (ad)$$

$$|P| & (ad) \ |P| & (ad)$$

$$|P| & (ad) \ |P| & (ad)$$

$$|P| & (ad) \ |P| & (ad)$$

$$|P| & (ad) \ |P| & (ad)$$

$$|P| & (ad) \ |P| & (ad)$$

$$|P| & (ad)$$

$$|P| & (ad) \ |P| & (ad)$$

$$|P| & (ad)$$

$$|P| & (ad)$$

$$|P| & (ad)$$

$$|P| & (ad)$$

$$|P| & (ad)$$

$$|P| & (ad)$$

$$|P| & (ad)$$

$$|P| & (ad)$$

$$|P| & (ad)$$

$$|P| & (ad)$$

$$|P| & (ad)$$

$$|P| & (ad)$$

$$|P| & (ad)$$

$$|P| & (ad)$$

$$|P| & (ad)$$

$$|P| & (ad)$$

$$|P| & (ad)$$

$$|P| & (ad)$$

$$|P| & (ad)$$

$$|P| & (ad)$$

$$|P| & (ad)$$

$$|P| & (ad)$$

$$|P| & (ad)$$

$$|P| & (ad)$$

$$|P| & (ad)$$

$$|P| & (ad)$$

$$|P| & (ad)$$

$$|P| & (ad)$$

$$|P| & (ad)$$

$$|P| & (ad)$$

$$|P| & (ad)$$

$$|P| & (ad)$$

$$|P| & (ad)$$

$$|P| & (ad)$$

$$|P| & (ad)$$

$$|P| & (ad)$$

$$|P| & (ad)$$

$$|P| & (ad)$$

$$|P| & (ad)$$

$$|P| & (ad)$$

$$|P| & (ad)$$

$$|P| & (ad)$$

$$|P| & (ad)$$

$$|P| & (ad)$$

$$|P| & (ad)$$

$$|P| & (ad)$$

$$|P| & (ad)$$

$$|P| & (ad)$$

$$|P| & (ad)$$

$$|P$$

$$L = { (la) }$$

$$= { (la) }$$

$$= { (la) }$$

$$= { (la) }$$

$$= { (la) }$$

$$= { (la) }$$

$$= { (la) }$$

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$$= { (la) }$$

$$= { (la) }$$

$$= { (la) }$$

$$= { (la) }$$

$$= { (la) }$$

$$= { (la) }$$

$$= { (la) }$$

$$= { (la) }$$

$$= { (la) }$$

$$= { (mi) }$$

$$= { (nu) }$$

$$= { (nu) }$$

$$= { (nu) }$$

$$= { (nu) }$$

$$= { (nu) }$$

$$= { (nu) }$$

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$$\begin{array}{c|ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc$$

The above list will be somewhat simplified by observing that the same signs are employed for ab, ib, ub and for ap, ip, up respectively; that the same signs are employed for ag, ig, ug, for ak, ik, uk and for ak, ik, uk; that the same signs are employed for ad, id, ud, for at, it, ut and for at, it, ut; and that the same signs are employed for az, iz, uz, for as, is, us and for as, is, us.

The other class of syllabic signs employed by the Assyrians are termed compound syllables, each of which consists of a vowel between two consonants such as pal, rat, šam, bit, šir, liķ, kun, lud. In the following examples of sentences written phonetically both simple and compound syllables are employed:—

• 1. $\Rightarrow$ $\Rightarrow$ $\Rightarrow$ $\Rightarrow$ $\Rightarrow$ $\Rightarrow$ $\Rightarrow$ $\Rightarrow$ $\Rightarrow$ $\Rightarrow$
• 2. EIII = III I $\checkmark$ EIII $\checkmark$ EIII $\checkmark$ EIII $\checkmark$ EIII $\checkmark$ Their presents $i\check{s} \check{s}u u ni$ they brought.
• 3. E
     • $mu\check{s}$ te $\check{s}i$ rat te ni $\check{s}e$ e ti directress of mankind.
• 4. $\not\equiv$ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

i - zak - kar he spake.

5. $\rightleftharpoons$ $\rightarrow$ $\uparrow$ $\downarrow$ $\rightleftharpoons$ $\uparrow$ $\downarrow$ $\downarrow$ $\rightleftharpoons$ $\downarrow$ $\downarrow$ $\downarrow$ $\downarrow$ $\downarrow$ $\downarrow$ $\downarrow$ $\downarrow$ $\downarrow$ $\downarrow$

rag - ri - šu - un their corpses.

6. If
   $$\rightarrow$$
   | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | 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$\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ | $\rightarrow$ |

At the beginning of this chapter it was stated that, although the Assyrians employed a method of writing phonetically by syllables, they still retained

Another faet about Assyrian which may prove at first a little puzzling is the use of the same sign for more than one syllable, and in some eases as an ideogram for more than one word. For instance, the sign Y is employed as an ideogram not only for samsu, "sun", but also for ūmu, "day", and piṣū, "white", while in addition to its common syllable values of ud and tu, it is also employed for the syllables tam, pir, lah, and his. The majority of the signs, however, are not so polyphonous as the sign A, and after a little practice in reading the inscriptions the student is rarely in doubt as to the value to be assigned to any particular character.

Moreover, the Assyrians themselves had a method of indicating the classes and meanings of many of their words which is of great assistance in reading the inscriptions. They added to various words certain signs which are called determinatives, and which indicate in each case the class of thing to which the word belongs. Thus before male proper names they wrote the single upright wedge (\frac{1}{2}); before female proper names they wrote the single upright wedge (\frac{1}{2}); before female proper names they wrote (\frac{1}{2}), the ideogram for "female"; before the names of gods they wrote (\frac{1}{2}), the ideogram for ilu, "god". In reading an inscription these determinatives were never pronounced; they were only inserted as an aid to the reader and they helped him to understand the text. Most determinatives are placed before the word to which they apply, but a few follow it. A list of the most

common determinatives is given below, together with remarks as to their use.

In the above list it will be observed that only three determinatives (Nos. 18, 19 and 20) are placed after the word to which they refer. To these we may also add the signs and and are placed as determinatives after numbers, and the sign-groups and are placed as determinatives after numbers and measures.

The plural of ideograms was also indicated by means of signs placed after the word. The sign for

the plural, which is most frequently used, is ( ), e. g. ( ), ( ilu), "god", ( ) ( ) ( ), ( b\bar{e}l\bar{e}), ( 'land), ( 'land), ( 'b\bar{e}l\bar{e}), ( 'land), ( 'b\bar{e}l\bar{e}), ( 'land), ( 'b\bar{e}l\bar{e}), ( 'land), ( 'king''), ( ) ( ), ( ) ( iland), ( 'king''), ( ) ( iland), ( 'king''), ( iland), ( 'king''), ( iland), ( 'king''), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), ( iland), (

It has already been stated that some ideograms are employed for more than one word; in certain passages therefore, in which the context is not very clear, the reader might well be in doubt as to the word for which an ideogram was intended to stand. Moreover, in the ease of verbs written ideographically, he would have to guess the exact form of the verb which the writer intended him to read. The Assyrians, however, got over this difficulty by the use of what are termed phonetic complements; after the ideogram they frequently wrote a phonetic sign expressing the final syllable of the word which they intended the ideogram to represent. Thus the sign by itself might stand for ilu, "god", or $šam\bar{u}$ , "heaven"; when the scribe intended the sign to be

From the above remarks it will have been seen that signs were employed by the Assyrians (1) as syllables, and (2) as ideograms; and that this mixed system of phonetic and ideographic writing was simplified and rendered more certain of interpretation by means of determinatives and phonetic complements. We may now take some short extracts from historical inscriptions to illustrate the different uses of the cuneiform signs. In the extracts given the ideograms have been marked by *, the determinatives by †, and the phonetic complements by ‡; the

rest of the signs, which are left unmarked, are syllabic. Beneath the signs are set their transliteration in italics, and beneath the transliteration are the meanings of the words. In the transliteration phonetic complements are enclosed within parentheses (); determinatives are transliterated in small characters above the line, e. g. amēlu, the determinative before classes of men; alu, the determinative before the names of cities; m, the determinative before male proper names, etc.; similarly the signs for the plural are transliterated in small characters above the line, e. g. pl, and II. By this means every sign which occurs in the text is represented in the transliteration, but in reading the text it should be remembered that only that portion of the transliteration which is in large italies, and which is not within parentheses, is pronounced.

1. $$\rightleftharpoons$$
   $\uparrow$ $\uparrow$ $\uparrow$ $\uparrow$ $\uparrow$ $\uparrow$ $\uparrow$ $\uparrow$ $\uparrow$ $\uparrow$

$$pu - u \qquad alu \qquad Ba - na - ai - bar - ka$$

$$pa, \qquad \qquad \text{Benē-berak},$$

Azuru, the cities of

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$\begin{array}{cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc$

2. Emi* | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | Strain | St

amēlu ṣābē pl - iṣu kašti iṣu narkabāti pl
the men of the bow, the chariots

$sis\bar{e}$ pl sa sar (and) the horses of the king

mātu Me - luḥ - ḥi e - mu - ki la ni - bi
of Ethiopia, forces without number,

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abikta - šu - un
their defeat

3. It II $A \rightarrow A \rightarrow A \rightarrow A \rightarrow A \rightarrow A \rightarrow A \rightarrow A \rightarrow A \rightarrow A$

a - na gi - biš $umm\bar{a}n\bar{a}ti$ $pl - \check{s}u$ in the multitude of his troops

it - ta - kil-ma ummānāti pl - šu a - na trusted and his troops in

ma - ' - diš id - ka - a šadū Sa - ni - ru great numbers he assembled. Saniru,

the summit of the mountains which (is) at the entrance

$\begin{array}{cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc$

iš - kun

CHAPTER IV.

A SELECTION OF CUNEIFORM SIGNS WITH THEIR SYLLABIC AND IDEOGRAPHIC VALUES.

In the preceding chapter an account has been given of the various functions of cunciform signs. It has been shown that the Assyrian method of writing was partly ideographic and partly syllabie, and that a cunciform sign could be employed in the inscriptions in two ways: (1) as a syllable of a word, and (2) ideographically for a whole word, either by itself or as part of an ideogram consisting of two or more signs. In the present chapter a list of three hundred of the commoner signs is given together with their syllabic and ideographic values. The syllabic values are printed in heavy type to distinguish them from the ideographic values which are printed in italics; when an ideogram is usually accompanied by a determinative, the determinative is also given, but it is placed within parentheses.

The reader should not attempt to learn the list, but should use it for reference when studying the

It may be noted that within each of these main divisions the same general order is followed with regard to the second and third wedges of each sign. At the end of the list of signs are given lists of numerals and of the common ideograms for the months.

Syllabic values: aš, rum, dil, til.

Ideographic values: ina, "in"; abbreviation for Aššur, Assyria, written

(*) — (*); employed in proper names for the god Aššur, for nadānu, "to give", and for aplu, "son". (=)

— **, (=) — — (, kussū, "throne".

2. ►► Syllabic value: hal.

IDEOGRAPHIC VALUES: employed as sign for the plural. (ETT) -, bārū "seer, magieian"; (Y) - Idiķlat, Diķlat, the Tigris.

3. Syllabic values: muk, muķ.

4. SYLLABIC VALUE: ba.

IDEOGRAPHIC VALUE: ķāšu, "to give".

5. SYLLABIC VALUE: zu.

Ideographic values: $id\bar{u}$ , "to know"; $li'\bar{u}$ , "wise". $\vdash$ $\downarrow$ $\downarrow$ $\downarrow$ $\downarrow$ $\downarrow$ $\downarrow$ $\downarrow$ $\downarrow$ $\downarrow$ $\downarrow$

SYLLABIC VALUES: su, kus, kus.

IDEOGRAPHIC VALUES: mašku, "skin

7. Syllabic values: šin, šun, rug, ruk, ruķ.

Syllabic values: bal, pal.

IDEOGRAPHIC VALUES: $pal\bar{u}$ , "reign, year of reign"; nabalkutu, "to cross over"; $en\bar{u}$ , "to make void, to humble"; $nak\bar{u}$ , "to pour out (a libation), to offer (an offering)"; $\check{s}up\bar{e}lu$ , the Piel-Shafel of $[p\bar{e}lu]$ , "to conquer". $\blacktriangleright$

9.

Syllabic values: ad, at, at, gir.

Ideographic values: patru, "dagger".

10. • YYYA

Syllabic values: bul, pul.

11.

Syllabic values: tar, kut, kud, kut, kut, šil, has, haz.

Ideographic values: $nak\bar{a}su$ , "to cut off"; $par\bar{a}su$ , "to decide"; $s\bar{u}ku$ , "street".

12. ►

Syllabic value: an.

IDEOGRAPHIC VALUES: ilu, "god", šamū, plur. šamē, "heaven". ————————————————————————————————————

13. ►₩

i. e.

the god; (-=||) -- \, Aššur, the city; () -- \, () |- \, Aššur, Assyria.

14. -- |---------------------------------

nu, "tooth"; amātu, "word, command".

LILI EIIIA, kibū, "to speak";

LILI EI, suluppu, "date".

15. ► IDEOGRAPHIC VALUE: taḥāzu, "battle".

16. ► ТГР Ideographic values: lišānu, "tongue, speech". (☆) ► ТГР БД, Šumēr Southern Babylonia.

17. • Syllabic values: nag, nak, nak.
      Ideographic value: šatū, "to drink".

18. $\blacktriangleright$ TOEOGRAPHIC VALUE: $ak\bar{a}lu$ , "to eat".

19. ►► SYLLABIC VALUE: er.

IDEOGRAPHIC VALUE: alu, "city".

20. IDEOGRAPHIC VALUE: puhru, "totality, whole".

21. Figure 1. Ideographic values: zikaru, "male"; ardu, "slave".

22. ► IDEOGRAPHIC VALUE: arhu, "month".

23. • Syllabic values : šah, sah, ših.
      Ideographic value : šahū, "wild boar".

24. FIII I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

25. ►► Syllabic value: 1a.

26. ►► IDEOGRAPHIC VALUES: uššu, "foundation".

(E ; ikkaru, "gardener".

27. • Syllabic value: mah.

Ideographic value: ṣīru, "exalted".

28. ⊢ĘĘY Syllabic value: tu

IDEOGRAPHIC VALUES: erēbu, "to enter".

►\E( \rightarrow \mathbf{Y} \rightarrow \summatu, "dove".

29. • SYLLABIC VALUE: 1i.

Ideographic value: $(E) \rightarrow E$ $) \rightarrow b$ $v \bar{a}$ .

30. 🖴 Syllabic values: bab, pap, kur, ķur.

IDEOGRAPHIC VALUES: $nak\bar{a}ru$ , "to be hostile"; nakru, "hostile"; nakiru, "enemy"; naphar, "total"; employed in proper names for ahu, "brother", and for $nas\bar{a}ru$ , "to protect". (Exit) nakru, nakiru, "enemy".

31. 🔆 Syllabic value: mu.

IDEOGRAPHIC VALUES: šumu, "name"; zakāru, "to name"; zikru, "name"; šattu, "year"; employed in proper names for nadānu, "to give".

32. 🖹 Syllabic value: ka

Ideographic value: ka, a measure.

Syllabic values: kad, kat, kat.

SYLLABIC VALUES: kat, kad.

Syllabic values: gil, kil.

Syllabic values: ru, šub, šup.
Ideographic value: nadū, "to cast"

Syllabic values: be, bat, bat, bad, bit, mit, mit, mid, til, ziz.

Ideographic values: mātu, "to die"; mītu, pagru, "corpse"; dāmu, "blood".

38. SYLLABIC VALUE: na.

39. ►⟨► SYLLABIC VALUE: Šir.

40. A. Syllabic values: kul, gul, kul, zir. Ideographic value: zēru, "seed".

41. ► 【 SYLLABIC VALUE: ti.

IDEOGRAPHIC VALUES: laķū, liķū, "to take,

to receive". ► 【 ← 【 ← ► 】, balāţu,

"to live"

SYLLABIC VALUES: bar, par, maš, mas.

IDEOGRAPHIC VALUES: ašaridu, "ehief".

( ) +, Ninib, the god; ( ) ) )

+

43. ✓ Syllabic value: nu.

Ideographic values: lā, ul, "not"; ṣalmu,
"image".
✓ ► , nišakku, "govern-

44. ► A IDEOGRAPHIC VALUES: \$ibtu, "revenue, interest". ► A

45. • Syllabic values: kun, gun.
      Ideographic value: zibbatu, "tail".

46. ►【〈【, ►】【 SYLLABIC VALUES: ħu, pag, pak, bag, bak.

IDEOGRAPHIC VALUE: issuru, "bird".

47. • | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

48. ► 【〈】 A SYLLABIC VALUES: ig, ik, ik.

IDEOGRAPHIC VALUES: bašū, "to be"

(► 【) ► 【〈】 A daltu, "door".

49. $\vdash \land \land \land \land \land \land \land \land \land \land \land \land \land \land \land \land \land \land$

50. • Y- Syllabic values: rad, rat, rat.
51. • Y SYLLABIC VALUE: zi.

IDEOGRAPHIC VALUES: napištu, "life".

• Y F F Y, imnu, "right", kīnu,
  "true".

52. • YALABIC VALUE: gi.

IDEOGRAPHIC VALUES: kanū, "reed".

• YALABIC VALUES: kanū, "reed".

'firm, true".

53. • | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

54. ►【】 SYLLABIC VALUES: kab, kap.

Ideographic value: šumēlu, "left

56. • XXXX SYLLABIC VALUES: hub, hup.

57. Y SYLLABIC VALUES: kat, kad, gat, kum, ķum, gum.

SYLLABIC VALUES: tik, tik, gu.

IDEOGRAPHIC VALUES: kišādu, "neck;
bank (of a river)". (FII)

70. SYLLABIC VALUES: tur, dur, tur.

71. IDEOGRAPHIC VALUE: biltu, "tribute; burden; talent".

72. Ideographic value: dišpu, "honey".

73. $\rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup$

74. SYLLABIC VALUE: si.
    IDEOGRAPHIC VALUES:

IDEOGRAPHIC VALUES: ķarnu, "horn".

► 【 【 ★ , [ešēru], "to be straight";

(► 】 ► 【 】 ♥ , šigaru, "bolt".

75. SYLLABIC VALUE: tar.

IDEOGRAPHIC VALUES: burrumu, "brightly coloured"; birmu, "brightly coloured cloth".

SYLLABIC VALUES: šak, šaķ, sag, riš, ris.

IDEOGRAPHIC VALUES: rēšu, "head".

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

IDEOGRAPHIC VALUES: (E) FIII, elippu, "ship"; (ETT) FIII FIII, (ETT)

"malahu, "sailor".

78. Syllabic values: dir, tir, tir, mal.
79. Syllabic values: tab, tap, dap, tal

IDEOGRAPHIC VALUES: employed as determinative after numbers. Exp - 1412, hegallu, "abundance".

95. ► SYLLABIC VALUE: tur.

Ideographic values: māru, "son"; ṣaḥru, siḥru, "small". Fill, aplu, māru, "son". Fill, mārtu, bintu, "daughter".

96. ►► SYLLABIC VALUES: ad, at, at.
    IDEOGRAPHIC VALUE: abu, "father".

97. ⊭Ę∭ Syllabic value: și.

98. ► SYLLABIC VALUE: ia.

99. SYLLABIC VALUE: in.

100. SYLLABIC VALUES: rab, rap.

101. IDEOGRAPHIC VALUE: šarru, "king".

102. Eyl Syllabic values: šar, sar, šir, hir.

IDEOGRAPHIC VALUES: šaṭāru, "to write".

(►)

103. IDEOGRAPHIC VALUE: $d\bar{u}ru$ , "wall, fortress".

104. EY, EY SYLLABIC VALUE: se.

Ideographic value: nadānu, "to give".

105. Syllabic values: kas, raš, ras.

Ideographic value: harrānu, "way".

106. Syllabic values: gab, gap, kab, dah, duh, tah, tuh.

IDEOGRAPHIC VALUES: irtu, "breast"; tarși, in phrase ana tarși, "against".

107. Бергарніс values : ṣēru, "field, plain"; ṣīr, "against".

108. Syllabic values: dah, tah.

IDEOGRAPHIC VALUES: $r\bar{\imath}mu$ , "wild ox":

110. ☐ IDEOGRAPHIC VALUE: šīru, "flesh".

111. SYLLABIC VALUES: ne, țe, de, bil, pil, kum, ķum, bi.

IDEOGRAPHIC VALUES: išātu, "fire"; eššu, "new". (————————————————————————————————————

112. Syllabic values: bil, pil.

Ideographic value: eššu, "new".

113. 💢 Syllabic values: zik, ziķ, șip.

114. EXII Ideographic value: EXIII (XIE).

Uruk, Erech.

115. SYLLABIC VALUE: ku.

SYLLABIC VALUES: gaz, gas, gas, kas. IDEOGRAPHIC VALUES: dāku, "to slay"; dīktu, "a slain host, the slain".

117. 🔀 Syllabic value: šam.

118. SYLLABIC VALUE: ram.
     Ideographic value: rāmu, "to love".

119. SYLLABIC VALUE: ur.

IDEOGRAPHIC VALUE: sūnu, "loin, thigh, side".

• 120. IDEOGRAPHIC VALUE: išdu, "foundation".
• 121. Syllabic value: il
• 122. SYLLABIC VALUES: du, gup, kup, kup, gub, kub, kub, kin.

IDEOGRAPHIC VALUES: $al\bar{a}ku$ , "to go"; $naz\bar{a}zu$ , "to stand"; $k\bar{a}nu$ , "to stand", Piel, kunnu, "to set"; $k\bar{\imath}nu$ , "true".

Type, italluku (Ifteal of $al\bar{a}ku$ ), "to go, walk, proceed".

• 123. Syllabic values: tum, dum, ib.

• IDEOGRAPHIC VALUES: imēru, "ass"; imēru, a measure.

  "horse";

  "horse";

  "parū, "mule";

  "malu, "camel".

• 125. LIEN IDEOGRAPHIC VALUES: $ark\bar{u}$ , "situated behind, future"; arki, "behind, after".
• 126. IDEOGRAPHIC VALUE: karānu, "wine".

• Syllabic values: uš, nit.

  Ideographic values: zikaru, "male";

  šuššu, "sixty".

• Syllabic values: iš, mil.
  Ideographic values: epiru, epru, "dust".

• Syllabic values: bi, kaš, gaš, kas.

  Ideographic values: šikaru, "datewine"; kurunnu, "sesamewine".

• 130. SYLLABIC VALUES: šim, rik, rik, rig.

IDEOGRAPHIC VALUE: riķķu, "beam (used of sweet-smelling woods)".

131. SYLLABIC VALUES: kib, kip, kib, kip.

132. SYLLABIC VALUES: tak, tak, dak.

IDEOGRAPHIC VALUE: abnu, "stone".

Syllabic values: kak, kak, da.

Ideographic values: banū, "to build";
\nepēšu, "to make"; kalū, "all".

Syllabic values: ni, zal, sal, șal, i, li, ili.

Syllapid value: ir

136. SYLLABIC VALUE: mal.

137. IDEOGRAPHIC VALUES: $rap\bar{a}\check{s}u$ , "to be broad"; $rap\check{s}u$ , "broad"; ummu "mother".

138. The Ideographic values: šamnu, "oil"; kisallu, "platform".

139. ☐ IDEOGRAPHIC VALUE: (►) ☐ YY ► YYYY , gušūru, "beam".

140. Syllabic values: dak, dak, tak, par.

Syllabic values: pa, hat, hat.

Ideographic values: (=) +, hattu,

"sceptre"; + | -| |, iššakku,

"ruler"; (-+) +, Nabū, the god.

142. Theographic value: parșu, "command, ordinance".

143. SYLLABIC VALUES: šab, šap, sap.

144. LE IDEOGRAPHIC VALUE: (-+) LE, Nus-ku, the god.

145. YEII SYLLABIC VALUES: sib, sip.

IDEOGRAPHIC VALUE: (ETT) YEII,

rē'u, "shepherd".

SYLLABIC VALUES: iz, is, is, gis.

IDEOGRAPHIC VALUES: işu, "wood". ►

LE, kakku, "weapon", tukultu, "help";

LE, nīru, "yoke"; ► L, tuķuntu,
"battle"; ► L, uṣurtu, "sculpture,
relief", uṣurtu, "boundary, end";

LE, ṣillu, "shadow, protection";
(-+) ► L, Gibil, the Fire-god.

147. The Ideographic value: alpu, "ox".

148. SYLLABIC VALUE: a1.

149. ► SYLLABIC VALUES: ub, up, ar.

IDEOGRAPHIC VALUE: kibratu, "quarter of heaven".

150. ► SYLLABIC VALUE: mar.

Ideographic value: (★) ► SYLLABIC VALUE: (★) ► SYLLABIC VALUE: mar.

(★) ► SYLLABIC VALUE: mar.

(★) ► SYLLABIC VALUE: mar.

(★) ► SYLLABIC VALUE: mar.

(★) ► SYLLABIC VALUE: mar.

(★) ► SYLLABIC VALUE: mar.

151. ► Y SYLLABIC VALUE: e.

IDEOGRAPHIC VALUE: ► Y (〈YEY), Bābilu,
Babylon.

152. Syllabic values: duk, lud, lut, lut. Ideographic value: karpatu, "pot, vessel".

153. ► IV IDEOGRAPHIC VALUE: inbu, "fruit".

154. ► IV SYLLABIC VALUE: up

dener".

Syllabic values: šiš, šis, sis, siš.

Ideographic values: ahu, "brother";

naṣāru, "to protect". ( ) ) )

(E), Nannaru, Sin, the Moon-god;

ETH ( ) (E), Uru, the city Ur.

168. Extlabic values: zak, zaķ.

Ideographic values: imnu, "right";

pāṭu, "boundary".

169. Syllabic values: kar, kar, gar.

Syllabic values: id, it, it.

Ideographic values: idu, "hand, side".

Ideographic values: idu, "eagle".

171. E SYLLABIC VALUE: 111.

172. EKKY IDEOGRAPHIC VALUE: kablu, "midst; battle".

SYLLABIC VALUES: da, ṭa.

IDEOGRAPHIC VALUE: Y, dārū,

"enduring, everlasting"; Y, ¢=,

dannu, "strong, mighty".

174. SYLLABIC VALUE: aš.

Syllabic value: ma.

Ideographic value: (\beta), manū,

"maneh".

176. EX Syllabic values: gal, kal.
     Ideographic value: $rab\bar{u}$ , "great".

177. E Syllabic value: bar.

Ideographic value: parakku, "shrine".

178. EYY SYLLABIC VALUES: biš, piš, kir, gir.

179. EUE SYLLABIC VALUE: mir.

Ideographic value: agū, "royal head-dress, crown".

180. EY SYLLABIC VALUES: bur, pur.

181. EV IDEOGRAPHIC VALUE: italluku, "to go, to walk, to proceed".

182. E Ideographic value: bēltu, "lady".

183. Syllabic value: ša.

184. Syllabic values: šu, kat, ķat.

IDEOGRAPHIC VALUES: ķātu, "hand".

[ ]

185. EXELABIC VALUES: 1ul, lib, lip, lup, pah, nar.

IDEOGRAPHIC VALUES: (ETTT) ETE, zammeru, "male musician"; (C) ETE. zammertu, "female musician".

186. ► THE IDEOGRAPHIC VALUES: damāķu, "to be favourable". (►) ► EYEYYY, gišimmaru, "date-palm".

187. EVECTOR IDEOGRAPHIC VALUE: şalmu, "image".

188. 漢文 Ideographic values: Urarțu, Armenia. (文) 漢文 ((近)), Akkadū, Akkad or Northern Babylonia.

189. 🔦 Syllabic values: gam, kam, gur.

190. SYLLABIC VALUES: kur, mat, mad, šad, šat, šat, lat, nat, nad, kin.

IDEOGRAPHIC VALUES: $m\bar{a}tu$ , "land, country"; $\delta ad\bar{u}$ , "mountain"; $ka\delta\bar{a}du$ , "to conquer".

SYLLABIC VALUE: še.

IDEOGRAPHIC VALUES: šeu, "grain".

LIVENTA Magāru, "to be propitious";

šēmū, "favourable"; LIVEN, šamaššammu, "sesame-seed".

SYLLABIC VALUES: bu, pu, sir, git, kit.

IDEOGRAPHIC VALUE: The strain of the long", arku, "long".

193. * Syllabic values: uz, us, us.

194. Syllabic values: sud, sut, sir.

Ideographic value: $r\bar{u}\not{k}u$ , "distant".

195. Syllabic values: muš, șir.

Ideographic value: șiru, "serpent".

196. ★★¥¥¥¥ SYLLABIC VALUE: tir.

Ideographic value: (★▼) ★★¥¥¥¥, kištu,

"wood, forest".

SYLLABIC VALUE: te.

IDEOGRAPHIC VALUES: temenu, "foundationstone"; tahū, tehū, "to draw near, to approach".

198. Syllabic value: kar.

Ideographic values: kāru, "wall, stronghold"; eṭēru, "to protect, to spare".

199. SYLLABIC VALUES: 118, 11s.

Syllabic values: ud, uṭ, ut, u, tu, tam, bir, par, pir, laḥ, liḥ, ḥiš, ḥis.

( Aššur, the god; Aššur, Assyria; ( FY)
A, Eridu, the city.

208. A Syllabic value: '(i. e., 'a, 'e, 'i, and 'u).

209. A Syllabic values: aħ, iħ, uħ.

210. SYLLABIC VALUES: kam, kam, ham.

211. A M. Syllabic value: im.

TDEOGRAPHIC VALUES: šāru, "wind".

( ) A H, Rammānu, the god;
A H

212. A Syllabic values: bir, pir.

Ideographic value: $sap\bar{a}hu$ , "to bring

213. SYLLABIC VALUES: har, hir, hur, mur,

214. 餐 ⊱ Syllabic values : ḥuš, ruš.

IDEOGRAPHIC VALUES: ma'ādu, mādu, "many"; employed as sign for the plural.

216. SYLLABIC VALUE: u.

IDEOGRAPHIC VALUE: (>>+-----------------------------------

217. ( SYLLABIC VALUE: muh. Ideographic value: eli, "over, upon".

IDEOGRAPHIC VALUE: ( Nergal, the god.

219. (FIX) IDEOGRAPHIC VALUES: (FIX), Istar, the goddess; istar, "goddess".

220. SYLLABIC VALUES: lid, lit, lit, rim.

221. SYLLABIC VALUE: kir.

222. SYLLABIC VALUES: kiš, kis, ķiš.
     IDEOGRAPHIC VALUE: kiššatu, "host, the world".

223. SYLLABIC VALUE: mi.
     IDEOGRAPHIC VALUES: mūšu, "night";
     şalmu, "dark".

224. (SYLLABIC VALUES: gul, kul, kul, sun.

225. ⟨□□□ Ideographic value: (□□) ⟨□□□.
     \niršu, "couch".

226. SYLLABIC VALUES: nim, num.

IDEOGRAPHIC VALUE: (*) ( [ ] [ ] ( [ ] ).

Elamtu, Elam.

227. SYLLABIC VALUE: tum.

228. SYLLABIC VALUE: lam.

SYLLABIC VALUES: zur, șur.

Ideographic value: (-+) (--), Mar
duk, the god.

230. (E Ideographic value: (EII) (E, niķū, "offering".

231. SYLLABIC VALUES: ban, pan.

Ideographic value: (►) ⟨★, kaštu, "bow".

232. SYLLABIC VALUES: kim, gim, dim.
     IDEOGRAPHIC VALUE: kīma, "like, as".

233. <

IDEOGRAPHIC VALUES: šēpu, "foot", the plur. sometimes written (EY). (EYY). (EYY), šakkanakku, "governor"; (-Y) (EYY), Nergal, the god.

235. (E) IDEOGRAPHIC VALUE: kabtu, "heavy".

236. Syllabic values: gig, kik.

Ideographic value: marşu, "sick"; marāşu, "to be difficult, steep".

237. SYLLABIC VALUES: Ši, lim.

IDEOGRAPHIC VALUES: īnu, "eye"; pānu,

"face"; maḥru, "front"; amāru, "to

see".
T, amāru, "to see";

L, abiktu, "defeat".

238. ⟨ ► | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

239. (The TYYYY IDEOGRAPHIC VALUES: tukultu, "help"; ittu, "sign, portent".

240. (The Ideographic values: damāķu, "to be favourable"; damķu, "favourable"; dumķu, dunķu, "favour, good fortune"; damiķtu, "favour, mercy".

241. (I-) Syllabic value: u.

Ideographic value: u, "and".

242. (Y-) Syllabic value: hul.
     IDEOGRAPHIC VALUE: limnu, "evil, wicked".

243. ( Syllabic values: di, ți. Ideographic values: šalāmu, "to be complete"; šulmu, "prosperity, greeting. ( daianu, "iudge")

244. SYLLABIC VALUES: tul, til.

IDEOGRAPHIC VALUE: tilu, "mound".

SYLLABIC VALUE: ki.

IDEOGRAPHIC VALUES: irṣitu, "earth";

ašru, "place"; itti, "with". (IE) EIII.

šaplu, "low, lower"; (IEI EII, šubtu,

"dwelling"; (IEI EIII, dannatu, "distress"; (IEI EIII, karāšu, "camp";

(IEI -III-IIIA, (IEI EIIII-IIIA),

246. (TEXIX IDEOGRAPHIC VALUE: sign of repetition, "ditto".

247. SYLLABIC VALUES: din, tin.

IDEOGRAPHIC VALUES: balāṭu, "to live"

SYLLABIC VALUES: balāṭu, "to live"

SYLLABIC VALUES: balāṭu, "to live"

248. (Syllabic values: dun, šul, sul.

249. (TY IDEOGRAPHIC VALUES: ellu, "bright".

(TY - | ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

250. SYLLABIC VALUES: pad, pat, pat, šuk, šuk.

Ideographic values: kurummatu, "food".

251. (W IDEOGRAPHIC VALUES: imnu, "right".

( ) (W), Ištar, the goddess; ištar, "goddess".

252. ( \langle )SYLLABIC VALUES: man, niš.
     IDEOGRAPHIC VALUES: šarru, "king"; Šamaš, "the sun".

253. \\SYLLABIC VALUES: eš, sin.

IDEOGRAPHIC VALUES: ((\rightarrow\frac{\psi}{\psi})) \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

✓ IDEOGRAPHIC VALUE: (►)

✓, Bēl, the god.

Syllabic values: diš, tiš, tis, tis, ana.

Ideographic values: ana, "to"; enuma,
"when"; ištēn, "one", with phonetic
complement — XX, en, frequently written
— XX; determinative before male
proper names.

256. SYLLABIC VALUES: lal, la.

IDEOGRAPHIC VALUES: šaķālu, "to weigh".

(=), simittu, "yoke".

257. Syllabic values: kil, ķil, gil, rim, rin, hab, hap, kir.

258. ☐ IDEOGRAPHIC VALUE: (►) ☐, nar-kabtu, "chariot".

259. Syllabic values: zar, șar.

Ideographic value: u.

Syllabic value: u.

Ideographic value: [I] [A] [V,

ṣēnu, "sheep".

261. SYLLABIC VALUE: pu, tul.

IDEOGRAPHIC VALUE: būru "spring wo

262. KK Syllabic values: bul, pul.

263. IE∭ IDEOGRAPHIC VALUE: (►) IE∭, nīru, "yoke".

264. TEII Ideographic value: hidūtu, "joy".

265. SYLLABIC VALUE: šal, sal, rag, rak, mim.

IDEOGRAPHIC VALUES: determinative before female proper names.

**nukurtu*, "hostility"; *** **\ \forall - \forall \, damiktu, "favour, mercy"; ***\ \forall - \forall \, mim, \, limuttu, "evil"; **\ \overline{\text{F}} ) (i. e., **\ \overline{\text{mim}}, \, mim, \, and \overline{\text{F}} ), **ma), **mimma, "anything".

279. SYLLABIC VALUES: su, rik.

280. Syllabic value: nin.

IDEOGRAPHIC VALUES: bēltu, "lady"; aḥātu,
"sister". → ← ► ► ► ► ► ► ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

281. SYLLABIC VALUES: dam, tam.

Ideographic value: aššatu, "wife".

282. 🛧 Syllabic value: gu.

IDEOGRAPHIC VALUES: (►) ♠ ↓ ↓ , kussū, "throne"; (►) ♠ ► ►, Ba'u, the goddess.

283. Theographic value: amtu, "maid".

SYLLABIC VALUES: nik, nik.

285. 🗲 | Syllabic value: el.

SYLLABIC VALUES: lum, hum, kus.

287. TEXX IDEOGRAPHIC VALUE: libittu, "brick".

IDEOGRAPHIC VALUE: frequently employed

as a sign for the plural of things that occur in pairs, e. g., hands, feet.

289. II- Syllabic values: tuk, tuķ

Ideographic value : $i \dot{s} \bar{u}$ , "to have, to be"

290. [[-] Syllabic values: ur, lik, liķ, taš, tas daš, das, tiš, tiz, tiṣ.

IDEOGRAPHIC VALUES: I

291. IIKK Ideographic value: šumēlu, "left".

Syllabic value: a.

IDEOGRAPHIC VALUES: aplu, māru, "son";

mū "water"; |

293. | Y | Y | Syllabic value: ai.
     Ideographic value: (------------------------------------

294. W Syllabic values: za, ṣa.

Ideographic value: ( , uknū, uknū, 'lapis lazuli''.

Ideographic values: nūnu, "fish". \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

296. II, II Syllabic values: šik, šiķ, sik, zik, pik, piķ.

297. SYLLABIC VALUE: tu.

IDEOGRAPHIC VALUE: šiķlu, "shekel".

298. \ Syllabic values: ša, gar.

IDEOGRAPHIC VALUES: šakānu, "to set";

akālu, "food". (\psi ) (\psi), (\psi ) (\psi), bušū,

"property, possessions"; (\psi ) (\psi),

makkūru, "property, possessions";

(\psi ) (\psi), mešrū, "wealth"; (\psi ) (\psi),

kudurru, "service, vassalage"; ((\psi))

(\psi ) (\psi), haṭṭu, "sceptre"; ((\psi))

šaknu, "governor".

299. W Syllabic value: ia.

IDEOGRAPHIC VALUE: ( WY, Igigi, the spirits of heaven.

B00. III Syllabic value: aš.

THE NUMERALS.

The numerals in Assyrian are written as follows: —

1. Y, "one".

2. YY, "two".

3. YYY, "three".

4. Ψ or ►, "four".

5. W, "five".

6. ( \psi ) or ( \psi ), "seven".

7. W or 🔨, "nine".

8. (, "eleven".

9. (), "thirteen".

10. 〈₩, "fifteen".

11. \tag{\text{\text{W}}}, "seventeen".

12. \text{\text{WY}}, "nineteen".

13. \\, "thirty".

14. (((, "fifty".

15. ▼⟨, "seventy".

16. \\\, "ninety".

17. |

18. ⟨\'►, "thousand".

19. W, "six".

20. W or WW, "eight".

21. ⟨, "ten"

22. ()), "twelve".

23. ((\psi), "fourteen".

24. TYY, "sixteen".

25. 〈₩, "eighteen".

26. ((, "twenty".

27. (, "forty".

28. , "sixty".

29. (\langle) or (\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

30. , "hundred".

31. ∭ , "three hundred".

32. I I I I I I I I I I

The fractions are expressed as follows:—

, "half".

IT, "two thirds".

II, "one third".

It, "five sixths".

THE MONTHS.

The following is a list of the common ideograms for the months of the year:—

1. 一类 题,

Nisannu, Nisan.

2. → → ▼ = 1 ←,

Airu, Iyyar

3. • Simānu, Sivan.

4. Du'ūzu, Dūzu, Tammuz.

5. • Abu, Ab.

6. ► ∐II, Ululu, Elul.

7. Fisri. Tišrītu, Tisri.

8. Frahsamna, Marcheswan.

9. ► Kislimu, Kislev.

10. ⊢ Tebētu, Tebet.

11. – Šabāţu, Sebat.

12. Addaru, Adar.

13. The second Adar, or intercalary month.

CHAPTER V.

PRONOUNS AND PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES.

The two preceding chapters have been devoted to a description of the method of writing by means of cuneiform signs, which was employed by the Assyrians. We now pass on to a consideration of the Assyrian language and to an examination of the different parts of speech. The pronouns and pronominal suffixes are first treated; then substantives and adjectives are described; lists of particles, adverbs, prepositions, and conjunctions are next given; and lastly a chapter is devoted to the verb. Examples in cuneiform are added to illustrate the forms and uses of the different parts of speech, and by working through these the reader will further familiarize himself with the cunciform characters and their values. In the present chapter the forms of the pronouns are given both in transliteration and in cuneiform. It should be remembered, however, that for many syllabic sounds there are duplicate signs

in Assyrian, and that it is sometimes possible to write the same word in several different ways. The forms selected are those which are most commonly met with in the inscriptions.

The Personal Pronouns to express the nominative are:—

N.B. It should be noted that there are alternative ways of writing some of the above pronouns. Thus, $an\bar{a}ku$ "I", in addition to its form $V \longrightarrow V \boxtimes V$ , a-na-ku, may also be written $V \boxtimes V$ , $\bar{s}u-u$ ; $\bar{s}u-u$ ; $\bar{s}u-u$ , "they", may also be written $V \longrightarrow V$ , $\bar{s}u-u$ , "they", may also be written $V \longrightarrow V$ , $\bar{s}u-u$ , etc.

The PERSONAL PRONOUNS to express the genitive and accusative are:—

Sing. 1.
$$i\bar{a}ti$$
, $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ , $i\bar{a}si$ ,

N. B. There are alternative ways of writing some of these pronouns also. Thus, $\delta \tilde{a} \delta u$ , "him", may also be written $\forall \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \$

The PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES attached to nouns are:

The following examples illustrate their use:-

The pronominal suffixes attached to verbs are:

The following examples illustrate the manner in which the suffixes are attached to verbs:—

išpur, "he sent",

The REFLEXIVE PRONOUN is expressed in Assyrian by the substantive $ram\bar{a}nu$ , or ramnu, "self", in eombination with the pronominal suffixes which are

attached to nouns (see above, p. 104 f.). The following examples illustrate the use of the word:—

The demonstrative pronouns most commonly employed are:—

(1.) šuatu or šātu, "that"

In place of the above the following forms are sometimes used:—

Sing. m.
$$\check{s}\bar{u}$$
, $\sqsubseteq | \sqsubseteq | | | \sqsubseteq |$ "that"

(2.) $ann\bar{u}$ , "this".

Sing. m. Nom.
$$ann\bar{u}$$
, $\rightarrow \uparrow \qquad \downarrow \qquad \downarrow$

"""

"""

"""

"""

"""

"""

"""

N.B. It should be noted that, as in the ease of the personal pronouns (see above, p. 103 f.), there are alternative ways of writing some of the forms of the demonstrative pronouns. Thus $\delta \bar{a}tu$ , "that", may be written $\beta \bar{b}$ , $\delta a - a - tu$ ; $\delta u - u - ti$ , "those", may be written $\delta u - ti$ , $\delta u - u - ti$ ; $\delta u - u - ti$ , "these", may be written $\delta u - ti$ , $\delta u - u - ti$ ; $\delta u - u - ti$ , etc.

The interrogative pronouns most commonly employed are:—

• (1.) mannu, 🅢 🤟, "who?", "whom?"
• (2.) $min\bar{u}$ , "what?"

Nom.
$$min\bar{u}$$
, $\langle \vdash \vdash \downarrow \vdash | | \vdash \vdash \vdash \mid \vdash \vdash \mid \vdash \vdash \mid \vdash \vdash \mid \vdash \vdash \mid \vdash \mid$

The indefinite pronouns most commonly employed are:—

(1.) manma,
$$\langle\langle \xi | \rangle\rangle$$
"any, anyone".

(2.) minma, $\langle\langle \xi | \rangle\rangle\rangle$ "any, anything".

mimma, $\langle\langle \xi | \rangle\rangle\rangle\rangle$ "any, anything".

When the indefinite pronouns are employed with a negative, they may be translated, "no, no one, nothing".

The RELATIVE PRONOUN is :-

N.B. The form $\check{s}a$ , written $\bigvee$ or $\bigvee$ is used for all numbers, genders, and cases. When the relative pronoun $\check{s}a$ has the force of a genitive and would be translated in English by "whose", the substantive in the relative clause takes the corresponding pronominal suffix; this rule will be made clear by an examination of the following examples:—

1. Every sa ip - ša - tu - šu ṭa - ba

A king of whom his deeds are good.

[i. e. A king, whose deeds are good.]

• 2. $\forall$ ilu ša la e nu u mil lik šuA god of whom not void is his eounsel.

  [i. e. A god, whose counsel is not void.]

• 3.

la iš - mu - u zi - kir šumi-šu
not had heard mention of its name.

[i. e. A distant place, of whose name my fathers had not heard mention.]

• 4. $\rightarrow$ $\downarrow$ $\downarrow$ $\downarrow$ $\downarrow$ $\downarrow$ $\downarrow$ $\downarrow$ $\downarrow$ $\downarrow$ $\downarrow$
     • $\begin{array}{cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc$
• 5. E $\rightarrow$ E $\rightarrow$ E $\rightarrow$ $\rightarrow$ $\rightarrow$ $\rightarrow$ $\rightarrow$ $\rightarrow$ $\rightarrow$ $\rightarrow$ $\rightarrow$ $\rightarrow$

⟨I→ || | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

[i. e. Sheep, whose fleeces are dyed with crimson.]

In each of the examples 1, 2 and 3 the substantive in the relative clause takes the 3. m. sing. pronominal suffix $(\check{s}u)$ , as the substantives $\check{s}arru$ , "king", ilu, "god", and $a\check{s}-ru$ , "place", are masculine and in the singular. In No. 4 the substantive in the relative clause (id-da-a) takes the 3. f. sing. pron. suffix $(\check{s}a)$ , as the goddess Ištar is feminine. In No. 5 the substantive in the relative clause $(\check{s}ip\bar{a}ti)$ takes the 3. m. plur. pron. suffix, as $immer\bar{e}$ , "sheep", is masuline and in the plural. Similarly, when the relative pronoun $\check{s}a$ has the force of an accusative or dative, the governing verb in the relative clause may take the pronominal suffix, while a preposition invariably does so.

CHAPTER VI.

SUBSTANTIVES AND ADJECTIVES.

piereed the heart". In examples 1 and 2 every word is in the nominative, and in example 3 the substantive šul-mu, "greeting", which is the subject of the sentence, is also in the nominative. In examples 4, 5 and 6 the substantives lib-bi, na-a-ri and ap-si-i are in the genitive; and in examples 7, 8 and 9 ur-ha, ša-da-a, a-ma-ta and lib-ba are in the accusative after the verbs in each sentence.

GENDERS.

There are two genders in Assyrian, masculine and feminine. The majority of substantives are either masculine or feminine, but some are of common gender. The feminine of adjectives in the singular and of some masculine substantives is formed by the addition of atu, or itu, or of the shortened form tu, to the nominal stem. The following examples illustrate the formation of feminines from masculine substantives:—

The following examples illustrate the formation of the feminine of adjectives in the singular:—

A few adjectives form their feminine in $\bar{u}tu$ , e.g.

THE PLURAL OF SUBSTANTIVES.

The PLURALS of substantives and adjectives in Assyrian are formed by adding various terminations to the nominal stem. The plurals of SUBSTANTIVES are formed in the following ways:—

I. Some substantives form their plurals in $\bar{e}$ . As, in writing, the vowels e and i frequently interchange, the $\bar{e}$ of this form of the plural is often written i. The following examples illustrate this form of the plural:—

II. Other substantives form their plurals in $\bar{a}ni$ or $\bar{a}nu$ , e. g.

III. Other substantives form their plurals in $\bar{a}$ , especially names of parts of the body which occur in pairs, e. g.

IV. Substantives with the feminine termination in the singular form their plurals in $\bar{a}ti$ or $\bar{e}ti$ . A few substantives, though they are without the feminine termination in the singular, form their plurals in the same way. The following examples illustrate this form of the plural:—

V. Many substantives employ more than one of the forms of the plural which have been described in sections I—IV, e. g.

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In the examples of the forms of the plural which have been given above, instances have been taken from words written syllabically. It should be noted, however, that in the inscriptions substantives are frequently expressed by ideograms, and their plurals are then generally indicated by the addition of the plural sign ( ) ( \text{(see above, p. 96)}, ( e. g. ) ( \text{(marv, marv, mare, "sons"; -1, belu, "lord", -1, belu, "lord", -1, belu, "lord", -1, belu, "god"; -1, ilu, "god", -1, matāti, "lands"; -1, markabāti, "chariots". Sometimes the form of the plural of a word expressed by an ideogram is indicated by means of a phonetic complement (see above, p. 64 f.), ( e. g. ) ( \text{\$\times ade} ) ( \times ade} ) ( \times ) ( \times ade ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times ) ( \times \

THE PLURAL OF ADJECTIVES.

The masculine plural of ADJECTIVES is formed by means of the termination $\bar{u}ti$ , and the feminine plural by the termination $\bar{a}ti$ , or $\bar{e}ti$ . The following examples illustrate the formation of the plural of adjectives:—

As in the case of substantives, adjectives are frequently expressed by means of ideograms, and their plurals are then indicated by the addition of the plural sign ( ). It may here be noted that an adjective generally follows the substantive to which it refers and with which it agrees in gender and number; the following examples illustrate this rule:

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THE CONSTRUCT STATE.

ba-'-lat ilu $B\bar{e}l$ , "the realms of $B\bar{e}l$ ". It should be noted that exceptions to the above rules are not uncommon.

Another way of expressing the genitive relation between two nouns is by the relative pronoun $\check{s}a$ (see above, p. 109), which is placed between the two nouns so related, e. g. $\longrightarrow$ $\longrightarrow$ $\longrightarrow$ $\longrightarrow$ $\longrightarrow$ $\longrightarrow$ $\longrightarrow$ $\longrightarrow$ $\longrightarrow$ $\longrightarrow$

Apposition.

When two substantives are in apposition it is not essential that they should agree in number; thus a substantive in the singular sometimes stands in apposition to one in the plural, e. g. If I is a substantive in the singular sometimes stands in apposition to one in the plural, e. g. If I is a stand in a substantive in the first durani pl (ni) sa mātu Kal-di, "his strong eities, fortresses (lit. a dwelling of walls) of the land of Chaldea". Similarly participial expressions may be in the singular though in apposition to substantives in the plural; a good example of this rule may be seen in the common phrase I is a lik mah-ri-ia, "the kings who went before me" (i. e. who preceded me upon the throne), in which the participle a-lik, which is in the singular, stands in apposition to the plural substantive šar-rāni.

THE MIMATION.

The particle ma, or its shortened form m, is frequently appended to substantives and adjectives. Originally the use of this mimation, as it is termed, may have been to convey emphasis (see below, p. 126), but it has been so weakened in use that its addition to a noun in no way affects its meaning. Thus "O lord" may be expressed indifferently by $\sim$ [E], be-lu, or $\sim$ [E], be-lum; "a holy place" may be expressed by $\sim$ [E], aš-ru el-lum; "the merciful mother" may be expressed by $\sim$ [E], um-mu ri-mi-ni-tu, or $\sim$ [E], um-mu ri-mi-ni-tum; "unto favour" may be expressed by $\sim$ [E], ummu ri-mi-ni-tum; "unto favour" may be expressed by $\sim$ [E], ummu ri-mi-ni-tum; "unto favour" may be expressed by $\sim$ [E], a-na da-mi-ik-ti, or $\sim$ [E], a-na da-mi-ik-ti. The mimation is but very rarely attached to words in the construct state (see above, p. 120).

CHAPTER VII.

PARTICLES, ADVERBS, PREPOSITIONS AND CON-JUNCTIONS.

The NEGATIVE PARTICLES in Assyrian are

The following examples illustrate their use:—

THE WHE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE

The particle $l\bar{a}$ , when used in prohibitions, is followed by the Present, e. g. - = - = = = = = = = = = =

The adverb of emphasis, $l\bar{u}$ ( $|\underline{\underline{\underline{\underline{\underline{\underline{\underline{\underline{\underline{\underline{\underline{\underline{\underline{\underline{\underline{\underline{\underline{\underline{\underline{$

The following are the principal interrogative adverses. In the centre column the forms are given

under which they are most commonly found written in the inscriptions.

The following is a list of the principal ADVERBS OF TIME and MANNER, together with the forms under which they are most commonly found written:—

The following partieles are appended enelitieally:-

• ma, appended for emphasis to pronouns, nouns, verbs and adverbs, e. g. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) \
• ni, appended for emphasis to verbs, especially in relative clauses, e. g. $\Psi \models \parallel \parallel = \Psi \models \downarrow \downarrow = \square$ relative clauses, e. g. $\Psi \models \parallel \parallel = \Psi \models \downarrow \downarrow = \square$ (the Assyrians), whom he had settled (in Ḥalzidipḥa)".
• ū, appended as an interrogative partiele, e. g. ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐

The adverbial ending $i\check{s}$ (or $e\check{s}$ ) is of very eommon occurrence, e. g. If $\succeq$ III $\swarrow$ ( $\land$ , a-dan- $ni\check{s}$ , exceedingly"; $\succeq$ III $\searrow$ , e- $li\check{s}$ , "above"; $\Longrightarrow$ I $\Longrightarrow$ III $\searrow$ , $\check{s}ap$ - $li\check{s}$ , "below". This adverbial termination is also employed for eomparison, $e. g. \Longrightarrow$ I $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ IIII $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ IIII $\Longrightarrow$ IIII $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ IIII $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ IIII $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ IIII $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ IIII $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ IIII $\Longrightarrow$ IIII $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ IIII $\Longrightarrow$ IIII $\Longrightarrow$ IIII $\Longrightarrow$ IIII $\Longrightarrow$ IIII $\Longrightarrow$ IIII $\Longrightarrow$ IIII $\Longrightarrow$ III $\Longrightarrow$ IIII $\Longrightarrow$ IIII $\Longrightarrow$ IIIIIII $\Longrightarrow$ IIII $\Longrightarrow$ IIII $\Longrightarrow$ IIIIIIII

PREPOSITIONS in Assyrian arc sometimes written phonetically and sometimes expressed by ideograms. In the centre column of the following list the forms are given which the propositions most commonly assume when written phonetically; when a preposition may be expressed by an ideogram, this is also added. Thus the preposition ina, "in", may be written phonetically $\models \vdash \vdash \vdash \vdash$ , i-na, or may be expressed ideographically by the sign $\vdash \vdash$ , i-na. The following is a list of the principal prepositions in Assyrian:

Some prepositions occur in combination with ina, ana, or ištu; of these the following may be mentioned:—

Ideogr. — ( ) ina muḥḥi:

"on, concerning, to, against".

Ideogr. | ( ) , a-na muḥ-ḥi;

Ideogr. | ( ) , ana muḥ-ḥi;

"on, concerning, to, against".
\nina bīri | ( ) , i-na bi-ri: "between".

ana tarṣi | ( ) , ina tar-ṣi: "against".
\nina tarṣi | ( ) , ina tar-ṣi: "opposite,\ninto the presence of, in the time of".
\ništu tarṣi | ( ) , iš-tu tar-ṣi:

Some of the prepositions, which have already been given in the list on p. 127 f., are also found in combination with ina, ana, ištu, ultu and adi. As the commoner forms of these prepositions have already been given in cuneiform, in the following list they are given in transliteration only:— ina eli, ana eli, "upon, concerning, against"; ina kirib, ina kirbi, "in"; ana kirib, ana kirbi, "to"; ištu kirib, ultu kirib, "from, from out of"; ina libbi, "in"; ana libbi, "to"; ištu libbi, ultu libbi, "from, from out of"; ina pān, ištu pān, "before"; ina maḥar, "before"; ana maḥri, adi maḥri, "into the presence

of"; ina kabal, ina kabalti, "in the midst of", ina bīrit, ina bīrti, "between, within"; ina pūt, "opposite".

The following is a list of the principal conjunctions in Assyrian. In the centre column of the list the forms are given under which they are most commonly found written in the inscriptions.

aššu ša
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The conjunctions " $l\bar{u} \dots l\bar{u} \dots$ ", etc. may be translated "neither . . . nor . . .", when they are followed by a negative.

CHAPTER VIII.

VERBS.

tive damķu, "favourable", and of the substantives damiķtu and dumķu "favour, mercy". The three consonants DNN contain the inherent idea of strength, and form the root of the verb danānu "to be strong", of the adjective dannu, "strong", and of the substantives dunnu, "might", and dannatu, "fortress". The three consonants RKB contain the inherent idea of riding, and form the root of the verb rakābu, "to ride", and of the substantives rakbu, "messenger", and narkabtu, "chariot". The three consonants ŠKN contain the inherent idea of placing, arranging or making, and form the root of the verb šakānu, "to place, to make", and of the substantives šaknu, "governor", šaknūtu, "governorship", šiknu "a thing made, a creature", and maškanu "a place".

From the above examples it will be clear that a root may be compared to a skeleton, which, when clothed with different vowels and sometimes with additional consonants, gives rise to verbs, substantives and adjectives, each of which bears some relation in meaning to the root from which it is derived. We may now go further and state that by the addition of other vowels and consonants to the root the various meanings of the verb are obtained. Taking, for example, the triliteral root KŠD, which contains the inherent idea of "conquering", and clothing it with different vowels we may obtain the following verbal forms: kašādu, "to conquer"; ikšud, "he conquered"; ikašad, "he conquers"; kušud, "conquer thou". In

these examples the three consonants of the root, which convey the inherent idea of conquering, are printed in heavier type; the vowels printed in lighter type convey the different verbal meanings. For the root KŠD let us now substitute the root ŠKN which contains the inherent idea of "placing"; by adding the same vowels as before we obtain similar verbal forms, thus:— šakānu, "to place"; iškun, "he placed"; išakan, "he places"; šukun, "place thou". If we substitute the root PTR, which contains the inherent idea of "loosening", and add the same vowels as before, we again obtain similar verbal forms:— paṭāru, "to loosen"; ipṭur, "he loosened"; ipaṭar, "he loosens"; puṭur, "loosen thou". It will be clear from these examples that certain vowels when added to the root convey certain definite verbal meanings; we may now pass to the description and paradigm of the simple stem of the regular verb.

The Assyrian verb possesses the following tenses: the Preterite, the Present, the Imperative, the Participle, the Permansive and the Infinitive. The Preterite refers to past time; the Present is employed for the future as well as the present; the Permansive is somewhat similar to the Participle in that it expresses a state or condition, and its use will be referred to later (see p. 142 f.). Taking as an example for conjugation the root KŠD, which has already been referred to as conveying the inherent idea of "conquering", the forms assumed by the tenses in

the "Kal", or simple stem, of the verb, may be seen from the paradigm printed on the preceding page.

In the paradigm the tenses of the simple stem are given in transliteration; the following parsed examples illustrate some of the forms of the simple stem of the verb when written in cuneiform:—

**Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapāru. **Sapā

We have hitherto described the simple stem of the verb, which is termed "Kal" from the Hebrew adjective kal, "light"; this term is borrowed from the Hebrew verb, the Jewish grammarians having applied the word to the simple stem of the verb in Hebrew, to distinguish it from the stems weighted with formative additions which they termed "heavy". In addition to the Kal, the verb in Assyrian possesses nine stems which take their names from the paradigm

of the verb "to do" in Hebrew and Arabic. The following is a list of the stems of the verb, with summaries of their signification and formation:—

The Kal is the simple stem of the verb. See the

paradigm on p. 135.

The Piel has an intensive signification. It is formed by doubling the middle consonant of the root.

The Shafel has a causative signification. It is formed by prefixing the consonant š.

The Nifal has a passive signification. It is formed by prefixing the consonant n.

From these four stems are formed four more by the insertion of a t; they are

The Ifteal, which is generally not to be distinguished in meaning from the Kal.

The Iftaal, which sometimes has the same meaning as the Piel, and sometimes serves as its passive.

The Ishtafal, which sometimes has the same meaning as the Shafel and sometimes serves as its passive.

The ITTAFAL (contracted from Intafal), which like the Nifal has a passive signification.

By the further insertion of an n in the Ifteal and Ittafal are formed two more stems which are

The Iftaneal, which has an active signification.
The Ittanafal (contracted from Intanafal), which has sometimes a passive, sometimes an active, signification

The significations of the stems here given hold good as a general rule, but in some eases the stems of a verb have acquired special meanings, e. g. $ab\bar{a}tu$ , "to destroy", in the Nifal means "to fly, to eseape"; and $lam\bar{a}du$ , "to learn", in the Piel significs "to teach". 1

The seheme of the regular verb is printed on p. 139. The verb $ka\bar{s}\bar{a}du$ , "to eonquer", is selected for displaying the forms which the various stems of the regular verb assume. It should be noted, however, that all these forms do not occur in the inscriptions in the ease of any one verb. For convenience of comparison, however, it has been assumed that all the forms are found in the case of $ka\bar{s}\bar{a}du$ . In the Preterite, Present, and Permansive the 3rd pers. mase. sing. is given, and in the Imperative the 2nd pers. masc. sing. The tenses are inflected in the other stems as in the paradigm of the Kal or simple stem (see p. 135); the initial u in the Pret. and Pres. of the Piel, Shafel, Iftaal and Ishtafal is retained in those tenses. With the help of the scheme the student should have little difficulty in parsing any form of a regular verb.

^&lt;sup>1 Mention should perhaps be made of two other stems of the verb, in addition to the ten stems mentioned above. These are a Shafel and an Ishtafal formed from the Piel, and are termed the Piel-Shafel and the Piel-Ishtafal. They are however rarely met with and may here be disregarded.

THE SCHEME OF THE REGULAR VERB.

In describing the Kal, or simple stem, of the regular verb it was stated that the form of the Preterite of the verb $kaš\bar{a}du$ is ikšud, that of the Present ikašad, and that of the Imperative kušud. The vowels here added to the stem KŠD hold good for these tenses in the majority of verbs, but it should be noted that in a few verbs other vowels are found, e. g. $lab\bar{a}ru$ , "to grow old", has for its Present the form ilabir, not ilabar; $bal\bar{a}tu$ , "to live", has for its Present the form ibalut, not ibalat; $pak\bar{a}du$ , "to inspect, to entrust", has for its Preterite the form ipkid, for its Present the form ipakid, and for its Imperative the form pikid; and $sab\bar{a}tu$ , "to seize", has for its Preterite the form isbat, for its Present the form isabat, and for its Imperative the form sabat.

In the Preterite, the Present, and the Permansive all forms of the verb which end in a consonant, may take in addition, at the end of the word, one of the three short vowels a, i, or u, e. g. ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} )

iškun, "he had set", ♥ ► |

The Permansive is a tense which resembles the Participle in that it expresses a state or condition: it differs from the Participle in that it expresses the person by means of certain additions which are affixed to it (see the Paradigm, p. 135). In the Kal the Permansive may have a transitive, an intransitive, or a passive meaning, in the Shafel an active or a

passive meaning, while in the Piel and Nifal it has a passive signification. The following examples illustrate its use:— (\bigvarpi' \langle \bigvarpi', \frac{\partial}{\partial} \cong \frac{\partial}{\partial} \cong \frac{\partial}{\partial} \cong \frac{\partial}{\partial} \cong \frac{\partial}{\partial} \cong \frac{\partial}{\partial} \cong \frac{\partial}{\partial} \cong \frac{\partial}{\partial} \cong \frac{\partial}{\partial} \cong \frac{\partial}{\partial} \cong \frac{\partial}{\partial} \cong \frac{\partial}{\partial} \cong \frac{\partial}{\partial} \cong \frac{\partial}{\partial} \cong \frac{\partial}{\partial} \cong \frac{\partial}{\partial} \cong \frac{\partial}{\partial} \cong \frac{\partial}{\partial} \cong \frac{\partial}{\partial} \cong \frac{\partial}{\partial} \cong \frac{\partial}{\partial} \cong \frac{\partial}{\partial} \cong \frac{\partial}{\partial} \cong \frac{\partial}{\partial} \cong \frac{\partial}{\partial} \cong \frac{\partial}{\partial} \cong \frac{\partial}{\partial} \cong \frac{\partial}{\partial} \cong \frac{\partial}{\partial} \cong \frac{\partial}{\partial} \cong \frac{\partial}{\partial} \cong \frac{\partial}{\partial} \cong \frac{\partial}{\partial} \cong \frac{\partial}{\partial} \cong \frac{\partial}{\partial} \cong \frac{\partial}{\partial} \cong \frac{\partial}{\partial} \cong \frac{\partial}{\partial} \cong \frac{\partial}{\partial} \cong \frac{\partial}{\partial} \cong \frac{\partial}{\partial} \cong \frac{\partial}{\partial} \cong \frac{\partial}{\partial} \cong \frac{\partial}{\partial} \cong \frac{\partial}{\partial} \cong \frac{\partial}{\partial} \cong \frac{\partial}{\partial} \cong \frac{\partial}{\partial} \cong \frac{\partial}{\partial} \cong \frac{\partial}{\partial} \cong \frac{\partial}{\partial} \cong \frac{\partial}{\partial} \cong \frac{\partial}{\partial} \cong \frac{\partial}{\partial} \cong \frac{\partial}{\partial} \cong \frac{\partial}{\partial} \cong \frac{\partial}{\partial} \cong \frac{\partial}{\partial} \cong \frac{\partial}{\partial} \cong \fra

The tense for expressing a wish, which is termed the Precative, is formed by means of the precative particle $l\bar{u}$ (see above, p. 124) in combination with the Preterite or with the Permansive. The particle precedes the verb, and, when the first syllable of the Preterite begins with a vowel, the $l\bar{u}$ unites with it and they form a single word. The following examples illustrate the use of the Precative:—

[All All Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial Initial I

Under the head of the Regular Verb, the tenses and stems of which have been described, all verbs

^&lt;sup>1 For a description and classification of the "weak verbs" in Assyrian, see First Steps in Assyrian, pp. LXXXI ff.

CHAPTER IX.

TEXTS WITH INTERLINEAR TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION.

In the present chapter some extracts are printed from the historical inscriptions, together with interlinear transliteration and translation. Under each character its value is given in italics, and the system of transliteration adopted is that which has been explained above on p. 65 f. So far as possible the meaning of each word will be found beneath it, but sometimes the order of substantives and adjectives has not been retained in the English version. The adjective in Assyrian as a rule follows the substantive which it qualifies, when in English it would precede it; it sometimes happens therefore that the order of a substantive and adjective in the English version is not the same as in the original. The reader, however, will have little difficulty in identifying the different words, with the help of the glossary printed at the end of the volume.

I. The Genealogy of Tiglath-Pileser I.

[Cun. Inscr. West. Asia, Vol. I, pl. 15, Col. VII, 11. 36-56.]

36. $$| = | = | = | = | = | = | = | = | = |$$

THE SINGULAR 37. THE STATE $rub\bar{u}$ si - ru sa ilu A - sur u the exalted prince, whom Asur and

Vilu Nin - ib a - na bi - ib - lat 2 lib - bi - su

Ninib unto the desire of his heart

it - tar - ru - šu-ma³ arki nakrūt pl (ut)
have brought and (who) after the foes

$\begin{array}{cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc$

¹ The meaning of the name is, "My help is the son of E-šara". ² bi-ib-lat, construct state of bibiltu; for the construct state, see above, p. 120 f. ³ it-tar-ru-šu, 3. m. plur. Pret. Ifteal from arū, with the 3. m. sing. Pron. suffix.

$it - tal - la - ku - ma^{1} \qquad u - šam - ki - tu^{2}$ went and overthrew

$ka - li\check{s}$ $mul - tar - hi^3$ apil ilu $A - \check{s}ur$ altogether the mighty, the son of $A\check{s}ur$ -

$r\bar{e}\check{s} - i - \check{s}i^{4} \check{s}arri dan - ni \qquad ka - \check{s}id^{5}$ $r\bar{e}\check{s} - i\check{s}i, \qquad \text{the powerful king, the conqueror}$

43. $\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \$

44. • | A E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E

ša m Mu - tak - kil - ilu Nusku z ša ilu A - šur of Mutakkil-Nusku, whom Ašur

1 it-tal-la-ku, 3. m. sing. Pret. Ifteal from alāku; for the explanation of the final vowel u, see above, p. 141 f. 2 u-šam-ki-tu, 3. m. sing. Pret. Shafel from makātu. 3 mul-tar-hi (for muš-tar-hi). Part. Ifteal from šarāhu. 4 The meaning of the name is, "Ašur, raise the head!"; i-ši is 2. m. sing. Imperative Ķal from našū. 5 ka-šid, Part. Kal. from kašādu. 6 mu-šik-ni-šu, Part. Shafel from kanāšu. 7 The meaning of the name is, "Nusku is one who giveth strength"; mu-tak-kil is Part. Piel from takālu.

$\begin{array}{cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc$

$\begin{array}{c|ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc$

$\begin{array}{cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc$

ib - bu - šu 3 aplu ki - e - nu ša called him, the legitimate successor of

m ilu $A - \check{s}ur - da - a - an^4$ 50. $\Longrightarrow$ $\Longrightarrow$ $\Longrightarrow$ $i_{i}u$ hatti $A\check{s}ur$ - $d\bar{a}n$ , who wielded a shin-

ellite(te) mul - taš - pi - ru⁶ te - ni - šit ing sceptre, who ruled the men

1 ku-un, construct state of kunnu, Inf. Piel from kānu, employed as a substantive. 2 iḥ-šu-ḥu, 3. m. sing. Pret. Kal from ħašāḥu. 3 ib-bu-šu, 3. m. sing. Pret. Kal from nabū, with the 3. m. sing. Pron. suffix. 4 The meaning of the name is "Ašur is judge". 5 na-aš, Part. Kal, from našū. 6 mul-taš-pi-ru (for muš-taš-pi-ru), Part. Ishtafal from šapāru.

$\begin{array}{c|ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc$

52. $\sqrt{-121}$ -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112 -112

    $\begin{array}{cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc$

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m ilu $Nin - ib - apil - E - kur^4$ šarriNinib - apil - Ekur, the

da - pi - ni na - mad ilu A - šur mighty king, the darling of Ašur.

na-dan, Inf. Kal from nadānu.
i-li-bu, 3. m. plur. Pret. Kal from tābu.
il-li-ku, 3. m. sing. Pret. Kal from alāku.
The meaning of the name is "Ninib is the son of E-kur".

II. The titles of Sargon II.

[Winekler, Die Keilschrifttexte Sargons, pl. 48.]

1. V = V = V = V = V = V = V = V = V = V

nišakku ilu A-šur ni - šit īnēII ilu A-nim the priest of Ašur, the darling 2 of Anu

$\begin{array}{cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc$

$\langle \langle \rangle \rightarrow \psi \rangle \langle \psi \rangle \langle \langle \rangle \rangle = \langle \langle \rangle \rangle \langle \langle \rangle \rangle \langle \langle \rangle \rangle \langle \langle \rangle \rangle \langle \langle \rangle \rangle \langle \langle \rangle \rangle \langle \langle \rangle \rangle \langle \langle \rangle \rangle \langle \langle \rangle \rangle \langle \langle \rangle \rangle \langle \langle \rangle \rangle \langle \langle \rangle \rangle \langle \langle \rangle \rangle \langle \langle \rangle \rangle \langle \langle \rangle \rangle \langle \langle \rangle \rangle \langle \langle \rangle \rangle \langle \langle \rangle \rangle \langle \langle \rangle \rangle \langle \langle \rangle \rangle \langle \langle \rangle \rangle \langle \langle \rangle \rangle \langle \langle \rangle \rangle \langle \langle \rangle \rangle \langle \langle \rangle \rangle \langle \langle \rangle \rangle \langle \langle \rangle \rangle \langle \langle \rangle \rangle 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$\begin{array}{cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc$

$\begin{array}{c|ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc$

^&lt;sup>1 The meaning of the name is "He hath established the king"; ukīn is 3. m. sing. Pret. Piel from kānu. ² Lit. "the raising of the eyes"; see Glossary, sub našū.

$\begin{array}{cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc$

=|||= $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ $\stackrel{}{\leftarrow}$ $\stackrel{}{\downarrow}$ $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{}{\sim}$ ||| $\stackrel{*}{\sim}$ |

3. • | $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$ - $\Rightarrow$

na - mur - ra - te ša a - na šum - ķut 4
terror, who for the overthrow

of the enemy $\lim{na \to ki \to ri} \lim{\delta u \to ut \to bu \to u^5} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to \delta u} \lim{kak \to ku \to ku \to \delta u} \lim_{kak \to ku \to ku \to ku \to ku \to ku \to ku \to ku \to$

4. Example 1 Example 1 Example 1 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Ex

   $^1$ ut-tu-su, 3. m. plur. Pret. Piel from $at\overline{u}$ , with 3. m. sing. Pron. suffix. $^6$ u-se-su-u, 3. m. plur. Pret. Shafel from $as\overline{u}$ . $^3$ ha-lip, Part. Kal from $hal\overline{a}pu$ . $^4$ sum - hut, Inf. Shafel from $mak\overline{a}tu$ . $^5$ su-ut-bu-u, 3. m. sing. Perm. Shafel from $tib\overline{u}$ .

u - um be - lu - ti - šu mal - ku gab - ri - šu the (first) day of his dominion a rival prince

la ib - šu-ma¹ mu - ni - ha ša - ni - na there was not and (who)a conqueror (or) adversary

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ilu Šamši(ši) $i - be - lu - ma^3$ $ul - taš - pi - ru^4$ of the sun hath conquered and hath ruled

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1 ib-šu, 3. m. sing. Pret. Ķal from bašū. 2 i-šu-u, 3. m. sing. Pret. Ķal from išū; the long final vowel is due to the occurrence of the word in a relative clause. 3 i-be-lu, 3. m. sing. Pret. Ķal from bēlu. 4 ul-taš-pi-ru (for uš-taš-pi-ru), 3. m. sing. Pret. Shafel from šapāru.

III. The revolt of Tirhakah, king of Egypt, against Ashur-bani-pal.

[Cun. Inscr. West. Asia, Vol. V, pl. 1, Col. I.]

53. | FIII

* $\sqsubseteq$ $\sqsubseteq$ $\sqsubseteq$ $\sqsubseteq$ $\sqsubseteq$ $\sqsubseteq$ $\sqsubseteq$ $\exists$ $\exists$ $\exists$ $\exists$ $\exists$ $\exists$ $\exists$ $\exists$ $\exists$ $\exists$

$\langle \langle \rangle$ $\rightarrow$ $\rightarrow$ $\langle \rangle$ $\Rightarrow$ $\Rightarrow$ $\Rightarrow$ $\Rightarrow$ $\Rightarrow$ $\Rightarrow$ $\Rightarrow$ $\Rightarrow$ $\Rightarrow$ $\Rightarrow$

55. ${ \vdash { \vdash } \vdash \exists } \vdash \exists \vdash \exists \vdash \exists \vdash \exists \vdash \exists \vdash \exists \vdash \exists \vdash$

    $mat - su^4$ u su - u m Tar - ku - u his land, — even he, Tirhakah

^&lt;sup>1 The meaning of the name is "Ašur hath given a brother"; iddina is 3. m. sing Pret. Ķal from nadānu. ² ba-nu-u-a, Part. Ķal from banū, with 1. sing. Pron. suffix. ³ See opposite page note 3. ⁴ māt-su for māt-šu; after the preceding t the š becomes s.

56. EV $\rightarrow$ $\rightarrow$ $\rightarrow$ $\rightarrow$ $\rightarrow$ $\leftarrow$ $\leftarrow$ $\leftarrow$ $\leftarrow$ $\leftarrow$ $\leftarrow$ $\leftarrow$ $\leftarrow$ $\leftarrow$ $\leftarrow$

ilāni pl rabūti pl bēlē pl - ia im - šithe great gods, my lords, forgot

$ma^1$ $it - ta - kil^2$ a - na e - muk and trusted in his

ra - ma - ni - šu e - li šarrāni pl
own strength. Against the kings

58. Em (III FI) FI W (III FIII) A CONTROL And when the sur (and) governors, whom in Egypt

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59. If If If If If If If If If If If If If

    $^1$ im-si, 3. m. sing. Pret. Ķal from $maš\bar{u}$ . $^2$ il-ta-kil, 3. m. sing. Pret. Nifal from $tak\bar{a}lu$ . $^3$ u-pa-ki-du, 3. m. sing. Pret. Piel from $pak\bar{a}du$ .

¹ da-a-ki, ha-ba-a-te, and e-ki-mu are all Infinitives.
² See above, p. 149, note 3.
³ e-ru-um-ma for e-ru-ub-ma; e-ru-ub, 3.
m. sing. Pret. Ķal from erēbu.
⁴ u-šib, 3. m. sing. Pret. Ķal from ašābu.
⁵ u-tir-ru, 3. m. sing. Pret. Piel from tāru; the doubled r indicates that the preceding vowel (i) is long, see above p. 59.

62. EX EX EX THE A swift messenger

63. EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX

Ninā KI il - lik - am - ma u - šaNineveh came and in-

an - na - a¹ ia - a - ti eli ip - še - e - ti
formed me concerning these

an - na - a - ti lib - bi i - gu - ugmatters. My heart was wroth

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65. E (I E YY E Y E Y E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E Y E E

1 u-ša-an-na-a, 3. m. sing. Pret. Piel from šanū.
2 i-gu-ug,

3. m. sing. Pret. Ķal from agāgu.
   3 iṣ-ṣa-ru-uḥ, 3. m. sing.
   Pret. Nifal from ṣarāḥu.
   4 aš-ši, 1. sing. Pret. Ķal from našū.
   5 u-sal-li, 1. sing. Pret. Piel from [salū].

** Ethiopia

$^{^1}$ ad-ki-e, 1. sing. Pret. Ķal from $dik\bar{u}$ . $^2$ u-mal-lu-u, 3. m. plur. Pret. Piel from $mal\bar{u}$ . $^3$ u-s-t-e-s-s-e-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t

79. If E G G G G G G G G G G

a - na e - piš³ kabal kakkē pl u

to wage war and

tahāza ina maḥ - ri - ia id - ka - a⁴
battle against me he summoned

amēlu ṣābē pl taḥāzi - šu ina tukulti(ti)
his fighting men. With the might

ilu Ašur ilu Ištar u ilāni pl rabūti pl of Ašur, Ištar, and the great gods,

-II | >>>> =E| 82. | Y =E| | Y =E| Y = = = = = = = = = =

$^{^1}$ a-lak, Inf. Kal from $al\bar{a}ku$ . $^2$ iš-me-e-ma, 3. m. sing. Pret. Kal. from $\check{s}em\bar{u}$ , with the copula ma. $^3$ e-piš, Inf Kal from $ep\bar{e}\check{s}u$ . $^4$ id-ka-a, 3. m. sing. Pret. Kal from $dik\bar{u}$ . $^5$ a-likut, m. plur. Part. Kal from $al\bar{a}ku$ .

ina taḥāzi ṣīri rap - ši aš - ku - na¹\nin the battle on the broad plain I accomplished

abikti ummānāti pl-šu m Tar - ķu - u ina the overthrow of his forces. Tirhakah in

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$tah - te - e \quad umm\bar{a}n\bar{a}tipl-su \quad nam - ri - ri$ the defeat of his forces. The glory

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85. |- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

¹ aš-ku-na, 1. sing. Pret. Ķal from šakānu.
² iš-ma-a, 3.
m. sing. Pret. Ķal. from šemū.
³ is-hu-pu-šu, 3. m. sing.
Pret. Ķal from sahūpu, with 3. m. sing. Pron. suffix.
⁴ See above, p. 149, note 3, and p. 155, l. 59.

TELL 86. EVEN Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Solve Sol

in - ni² ilāni pl šu-ut šamē irṣiti
me the gods of heaven (and)earth.

87. $\vdash$ $\vdash$ $\vdash$ $\vdash$ $\vdash$ $\vdash$ $\vdash$ $\vdash$ $\vdash$ $\vdash$

a - na $\check{s}u - zu - ub^4$ $napi\check{s}tim(tim)-\check{s}u$ into to save his life he

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89. FII · FIII · FIII · AT ATT FINANCE AND AS - bat 6 ummānāti pl-ia

That city I took; my troops

1 ik-tu-mu-šu, 3. m. sing. Pret. Ķal from katāmu, with 3. m. sing. Pron. suffix. 2 u-za-'-i-nu-in-ni, 3. m. plur. Pret. Piel from [za'ānu], with 1. sing. Pron. suffix. 3 u-maš-šir, 3. m. sing. Pret. Piel from [mašāru]. 4 šu-zu-ub, Inf. Shafel from ezēbu. 5 in-na-bit, 3. m. sing. Pret. Nifal from abātu. 6 aş-bat, 1. sing. Pret. Ķal from ṣabātu.

89. $\equiv ||| \equiv \not\approx \equiv ||| \Rightarrow || = \not\approx || = || = || = || = || = || = |$

I caused to enter (and) I stationed (them therein). . . .

114. 文学〈区 文匠〈庐川 甲 周

matu Mu-sur matu Ku-u-su sa abu Egypt (and) Ethiopia, which the father

ba - nu - u - a $ik - \tilde{s}u - du$ a - na $e\tilde{s} - \tilde{s}u - ti$ who begat me had conquered, anew

$\begin{array}{cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc$

$\begin{array}{cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc$

$\begin{array}{c|ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc$

u-še-rib, 1. sing. Pret. Shafel from erēbu.
u-še-šib, 1. sing. Pret. Shafel from ašābu.
u-dan-nin, 1. sing. Pret. Piel from danānu.
u-rak-ki-sa, 1. sing. Pret. Piel from rakāsu.

$$\begin{array}{cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc$$

$$\begin{array}{cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc$$

IV. The rebuilding of Babylon by Nebuchadnezzar II.

[Cun. Inscr. West. Asia, Vol. I, pl. 56 f., Col. VII, l. 9—Col. VIII, l. 18.]

9. $$\Rightarrow$$
   $\Rightarrow$ $\Rightarrow$ $\Rightarrow$ $\Rightarrow$ $\Rightarrow$ $\Rightarrow$ $\Rightarrow$ $\Rightarrow$ $\Rightarrow$

$$\begin{array}{c|ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc$$

$\begin{array}{cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc$

¹ a-tu-ra, 1. sing. Pret. Kal from tāru. ² The meaning of the name is "Nabū, protect the son!"; u-şu-ur, 2. m. sing. Imperative Kal from naṣāru. ³ a-li-di-ia, Part. Kal from alādu, with 1. sing. Pron. suffix.

$$\begin{array}{cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc$$

$$ir - \check{s}u - un$$
$i - na$ $al\bar{a}ni$ $ni - i\check{s}$ their name, in cities that

$$i - ni - \tilde{s}u - nu^3$$
... $18. = | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |$

$$\begin{array}{c|ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc$$

^&lt;sup>1 a-lik, sing. Part. Ķal from alāku; for the use of the participle in the singular in apposition to a substantive in the plural, see above p. 121. ² iz-ku-ru, 3. m. sing. Pret. Ķal from zakāru.

³ Literally, "the raising of their eyes"; see Glossary, sub našū.

⁴ i-te-ip-pu-šu, 3. m. plur. Pret. Ifteal from epēšu.

⁵ ir-mu-u, 3. m. plur. Pret. Ķal from ramū.

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$i - na \quad ki - ir - bi \qquad u - na - ak - ki - mu^2$ therein they heaped up.

$\begin{array}{cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc$

27. If $\longrightarrow$ = = = = = = = = = =

    $\begin{array}{c|ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc$

    $\begin{array}{c|ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc$

¹ It is unusual for a pronominal suffix to take the mimation (see above p. 122). ² u-na-ak-ki-mu, 3. m. plur. Pret. Piel from nakāmu. ³ ib-na-an-ni, 3. m. sing. Pret. Ķal from banū, with 1. sing. Pron. suffix. ⁴ a-bi-il-šu, for a-pi-il-šu. ⁵ ip-ki-du, 3. m. sing. Pret. Ķal from paķādu.

na - ap - ša - ti a - kar - ti a - ra-mu¹
my life that is precious have I loved

$ba - na - a^{2} \quad la - an - \check{s}u - un \qquad e - li$ their bright image.

Beside

(ビン学研究 (国) オード (国) オード (国) Bābili KI u Bar - zi - pa KI Babylon and Borsippa

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Bābili KI ali ni - iš
Babylon, the city of my

$\begin{array}{c|ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc$

1 a-ra-mu, 1. sing. Pret. Kal from $r\bar{a}mu$ . 2 The adjective here precedes the substantive it qualifies; cf. p. 119. 3 u-ša-pa, 1. sing. Pret. Shafel from $[ap\bar{u}]$ . 4 See above, p. 163, note 3. 5 a-ra-am-ma, 1. sing. Pres. Kal from $r\bar{a}mu$ ; the doubled m indicates that the preceding vowel (a) is long (see above, p. 59); for the explanation of the final vowel a, see p. 141.

the house that is the wonder of men, ...

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2. • II

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1 i-ši-id-sa, for i-ši-id-ša. 2 u-ša-ar-ši-id, 1. sing. Pret. Shafel from [rašādu]. 3 u-za-ak-ki-ir, 1. sing. Pret. Piel from za-kāru; -ša is the form of the 3. fem. sing. Pron. suffix which is usually attached to nouns, not verbs (see above pp. 104 ff.). 4 zu-lu-li-šu, for ṣu-lu-li-šu.

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5. EIII A HI EII FE WING
   \nis u erini tu - ah - lu - up - ti

of cedar with coverings

siparri aš - ku - up - pi u of copper, thresholds and

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bābāni - šu e - ir - te - it - ti³ kaspa its doorways I set. Silver,

⟨₩-IJ& ┳-IJ-IJA ┳-₩ 11. ⟨Œ �� Ħ Ĕ Ĭ hurāṣa ni - si - iķ abni mi - im - ma gold, precious stones, what-

$\underbrace{\sharp u - um - \check{s}u} \quad \underbrace{\sharp u - ku - ru} \quad \underbrace{\sharp u - un - du - lu}_{\text{soever}}$ was costly (and) sumptuous,

¹ u-ša-at-ri-iṣ, 1. sing. Pret. Shafel from tarāṣu. ² Literally, "a construction of copper"; a substantive in the singular may stand in apposition to one in the plural, see above, p. 121. ³ e-ir-te-it-ti, 1. sing. Pret. Ifteal, from ritū.

13. A EIII F F EI III 14. FI EI EI bu - ša - a ma - ak - ku - ru si - ma - at property (and) possessions, an exalted

    $ta - na - da - a - tum \qquad u - ga - ri-$ splendour, ¹ I piled

    $in^{2} \qquad ki - ri - ib - \delta u \qquad gu - ur - du^{3}$ therein.

ta - aš - ri - ih - tum ni - şir - ti mighty hoard, a royal

** treasure, I heaped

lib - bu - uš - šu within it.

¹ Literally, "a splendour of exaltation", i. e. an exalted splendour.

² u-ga-ri-in, for u-ka-ri-in, 1. sing. Pret. Piel from karānu.

³ gu-ur-du, for ku-ur-du.

⁴ u-na-ak-ki-im, 1. sing. Pret. Piel from nakāmu.

CHAPTER X.

EXTRACTS FOR READING.

I. The First Campaign of Ashur-nasir-pal.

[Cun. Inscr. West. Asia, Vol. I, pl. 18, Col. I, 11. 43-54.]

• 43. ► \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
• 44. • 定以-川岸 - | マーチ 甲 - | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
• 45. 各集》 各一十年 3 三 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

  $^{^1}$ $i\check{s}$ -ku-nu, 3. m. sing. Pret. Ķal from $\check{s}ak\bar{a}nu$ . $^2$ u- $\check{s}i$ -bu, 1. sing. Pret. Ķal from $a\check{s}\bar{a}bu$ . $^3$ muv-te- $^2$ -at, fem. sing. Part. Ifteal from $r\bar{e}'u$ . $^4$ u- $\check{s}at$ -me-bu, 3. m. sing. Pret. Shafel from $tam\bar{a}bu$ . $^5$ ad-ki, 1. sing. Pret. Ķal from $dik\bar{u}$ . $^6$ $\check{s}akn\bar{u}$ . 3. m. plur. Perm. Ķal from $\check{s}ak\bar{a}nu$ . $^7$ c-te-tik, 1. sing. Pret. Ifteal from $et\bar{e}ku$ . $^8$ a-lik, 1. sing. Pret. Ķal from $al\bar{a}ku$ .

TRANSLITERATION

• 43. ina šur-rat sarru-ti-ia
• 44. ina maḥ-ri-i palī-a ša ilu Ša-maš daian kibrāti pl ṣa-lul-šu ṭābu eli-a iš-ku-nu ina kussī šarru-ti rabiš(iš) u-ši-bu iṣu ḥaṭṭa
• 45. mur-te-'-at niśē pl a-na ķāti-ia u-šat-me-ḫu iṣu narkabāti pl ummānāti pl-a ad-ki gir-ri pa-ašķu-te šadē pl mar-ṣu-te ša a-na me-tiķ
• 46. narkabāti pl u ummānāti pl la šaknū(nu) e-tetiķ a-na mātu Num-me a-lik ulu Li-be-e ali dannu-ti-šu-nu alu Su-ur-ra alu A-bu-ķu

TRANSLATION.

• 43. In the beginning of my reign
• 44. In my first year, when Šamaš the judge of the world had set his kindly protection over me and I had seated myself gloriously upon the throne of the kingdom, and the sceptre
• 48. Which ruleth the peoples he had placed within my hand, I collected (my) chariots and my troops and by difficult roads over steep mountains which for the passage
• 46. Of chariots and troops were not prepared I marched, and to the land of Numme I went. Libē, their fortified city, and the cities of Surra, Abuķu,
• 47. 卡川子型 〒
• 48. 及下>>>> 下三大4 企一目,是一大5 中工 一一一个 一一一个 一一个 一一个 一一个 一一个 一一个 一一个 一一个
• 49. 月 [[] [
• 50. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

¹ See above, p. 170, note 6. ² akšud, 1. sing Pret. Ķal from kašādu. ³ dīkta is the acc. sing. of dīktu, the sign for the plural referring to its meaning; the adj. ma'atta, which qualifies it, is also singular. ⁴ a-duk, 1. sing. Pret. Ķal from dāku. ⁵ šalla-su-nu, i. e. šallat-šunu. ⁶ aš-lul, 1. sing. Pret. Ķal from šalālu. ¹ ig-dur-ru, 3. m. plur. Pret. Ifteal from [gāru]. ѕ iṣ-ba-tu, 3. m. plur. Pret. Ķal from ṣabātu. ⁰ mariṣ, 3. m. sing.

• 47. alu A-ru-ra alu A-ru-be-e ša ina bi-rit mātu U-rini mātu A-ru-ni mātu E-ti-ni alāni pl dannūti pl šaknū(nu) akšud(ud) dīkta pl-šu-nu
• 48. ma'atta pl a-duk šal-la-su-nu bušā pl-šu-nu alpē pl-šu-nu aš-lul ṣābē pl ig-dur-ru šadū mar-ṣu iṣba-tu šadū mariṣ dan-niš arki-šu-nu
• 49. la a-lik šadū(u) kīma zi-ķip paṭri parzilli šee-su na-a-di u iṣṣur šamē(e) mut-tap-ri-šu ki-ribšu la i--ru kīma ķin-ni
• 50. u-di-ni(ișsuru) ina ki-rib $sad\bar{e}(e)$
• 47. Arura, and Arubē, which lie within the lands of Aruni and Etini, fortified cities, I captured.

  Their forces

• 48. In numbers I slew; their spoil, their possessions, and their cattle I carried off. Their soldiers escaped and occupied a steep mountain; the mountain was exceedingly steep, and after them
• 49. I did not go. The peak of the mountain rose like the point of an iron dagger, and no bird of heaven that flieth reacheth there. Like the nest
• 50. Of a vulture within the mountain had they set

Perm. Ķal from $mar\bar{a}$ ṣu. ¹⁰ See above, p. 170, note 8. ¹¹ še-e-su, i. e. šēd-šu; the sentence reads literally, "the mountain like the point of a dagger of iron its peak was high". ¹² mut-tap-ri-šu, Part. Ittafal from [parāšu]. ¹³ i-'-ru, 3. m. sing. Pres. Ķal from 'āru.

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• 51. 四年 本三年 2月 16 年 2月 17 17 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11
• 52. 制作于川镇。川下谷下十八个区域区区大下时间下于三川市
• 53. 叶 | -----

^&lt;sup>1 dan-na-su-nu, i. e. dannat-šunu.
² iš-ku-nu, 3. m. plur. Pret. Kal from šakānu.
³ ithu, 3. m. sing. Pret. Kal from tahū.
⁴ i-hi-ta, 3. m. sing. Pret. Kal from hātu.
⁵ ub-la, 3. m. sing. Pret. Kal from elū.
⁷ u-sa-hi-ip, 3. m. sing. Pret. Piel from sahāpu.
⁸ iḥ-pi, 3. m.

dan-na-su-nu iš-ku-nu ša ina šarrāni pl (ni) $ab\bar{e}$ pl-ia ma-am-ma ina ki-rib-šu-nu la iṭhu(u) ina III u-me

• 51. ķarradu šadū(u) i-ķi-ţa gab-šu libbu-šu tuķunta ub-la e-li ina šēpē II-šu šadū u-sa-ķi-ip iķ-pi ķinna-šu-nu puķur-šu-nu
• 52. u-pa-ri-ir cc ṣābē pl ti-du-ki-šu-nu ina kakkē pl u-šam-ķit šal-la-su-nu kabitta(ta) kīma mar-šit immeru ṣi-ni aš-lu-la
• 53. $d\bar{a}m\bar{e}$ pl-šu-nu $k\bar{\iota}ma$ na-pa-a-si š $ad\bar{u}(u)$ lu aṣ-ru-up . . . . $al\bar{a}ni$ pl-šu-nu

their stronghold, into which no one of the kings my fathers had penetrated. In three days

• 51. The warrior overcame the mountain; his stout heart pressed on to battle; he climbed up on his feet, he cast down the mountain, he destroyed their nest, their host
• 52. He shattered. Two hundred of their fighting men I slew with the sword; their heavy booty like a flock of sheep I carried off;
• 53. With their blood I dyed the mountain like crimson wool . . . . Their cities

sing. Pret. Ķal from $hip\bar{u}$ . ⁹ u-pa-ri-ir, 3. m. sing. Pret. Piel from parāru. ¹⁰ u-šam-ķit, 1. sing. Pret. Shafel from maķātu. ¹¹ See above, p. 172, note 5. ¹² aš-lu-la, 1. sing. Pret. Ķal from šalālu. ¹³ aṣ-ru-up, 1. sing. Pret. Ķal from ṣarāpu.

• 54. 广 [ ] 广 [ ] 广 [ ] 广 [ ] 广 [ ] 广 [ ] 广 [ ] 广 [ ] 广 [ ] 广 [ ] 广 [ ] 广 [ ] 广 [ ] 广 [ ] 广 [ ] 广 [ ] 广 [ ] 广 [ ] 广 [ ] 广 [ ] 广 [ ] 广 [ ] 广 [ ] 广 [ ] 广 [ ] 广 [ ] 广 [ ] 广 [ ] 广 [ ] 广 [ ] 广 [ ] 广 [ ] 广 [ ] 广 [ ] 广 [ ] 广 [ ] 广 [ ] 广 [ ] 广 [ ] 广 [ ] 广 [ ] 广 [ ] 广 [ ] 广 [ ] 广 [ ] 广 [ ] 广 [ ] 广 [ ] 广 [ ] 广 [ ] 广 [ ] 广 [ ] 广 [ ] 广 [ ] 广 [ ] 广 [ ] 广 [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [ ] Γ [
• II. Shalmaneser II and his image on Mt. Amanus. [Cun. Inscr. West. Asia, Vol. III, pl. 7, Col. I, ll. 41—51.]
• 41. 连川 大学大
• 42. 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11
• 43. 女并十六个二十二十二十二年 孫 三十十二十二十二十二十二十二十二十二十二十二十二十二十二十二十二十二十二十二十
• 44. 下图 下二 三 三 三 三 三 三 三 三 三 三 三 三 三 三 三 三 三 三

^&lt;sup>1 ab-bul, 1. sing. Pret. Ķal from nabālu. ² a-ķur, 1. sing. Pret. Ķal from naķāru. ³ ašrup, 1. sing. Pret. Ķal from šarāpu. ⁴ at-tu-muš, 1. sing. Pret. Ifteal from [namāšu].

CHAPTER IX.

TEXTS WITH INTERLINEAR TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION.

In the present chapter some extracts are printed from the historical inscriptions, together with interlinear transliteration and translation. Under each character its value is given in italics, and the system of transliteration adopted is that which has been explained above on p. 65 f. So far as possible the meaning of each word will be found beneath it, but sometimes the order of substantives and adjectives has not been retained in the English version. The adjective in Assyrian as a rule follows the substantive which it qualifies, when in English it would precede it; it sometimes happens therefore that the order of a substantive and adjective in the English version is not the same as in the original. The reader, however, will have little difficulty in identifying the different words, with the help of the glossary printed at the end of the volume.

I. The Genealogy of Tiglath-Pileser I.

[Cun. Inscr. West. Asia, Vol. I, pl. 15, Col. VII, ll. 36-56.]

36. | = | = | = | = | = | = | = | = | = |

THE SINGUL 37. When si - ru in sa in A - sur unthe exalted prince, whom Asur and

ilu Nin - ib a - na bi - ib - lat² lib - bi - šu
Ninib unto the desire of his heart

it - tar - ru - šu-ma³ 39. EFF nakrūt pl (ut)
have brought and (who) after the foes

→ II → 40. 〈♥ 〈△ II → III ﴾ ✓ dilu A - šur pat gim - ri - šu - nu all of them,

¹ The meaning of the name is, "My help is the son of E-šara". ² bi-ib-lat, construct state of bibiltu; for the construct state, see above, p. 120 f. ³ it-tar-ru-šu, 3. m. plur. Pret. Ifteal from arū, with the 3. m. sing. Pron. suffix.

$it - tal - la - ku - ma^{-1}$ $u - šam - ki - tu^{-2}$ went and overthrew

$ka - li\tilde{s}$ $mul - tar - hi^3$ apil ilu $A - \tilde{s}ur$ altogether the mighty, the son of $A\tilde{s}ur$ -

rēš - i - ši⁴ šarri dan - ni ka - šid⁵
rēš - iši, the powerful king, the conqueror

43. * * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | *** * | ***

44. • | A E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E

ša m Mu - tak - kil - ilu Nusku z ša ilu A - šur of Mutakkil-Nusku, whom Ašur

1 it-tal-la-ku, 3. m. sing. Pret. Ifteal from alāku; for the explanation of the final vowel u, see above, p. 141 f. 2 u-šam-ki-tu, 3. m. sing. Pret. Shafel from maķātu. 3 mul-tar-hi (for muš-tar-hi). Part. Ifteal from šarāņu. 4 The meaning of the name is, "Ašur, raise the head!"; i-ši is 2. m. sing. Imperative Ķal from našū. 5 ka-šid, Part. Ķal. from kašādu. mu-šik-ni-šu, Part. Shafel from kanāšu. 7 The meaning of the name is, "Nusku is one who giveth strength"; mu-tak-kil is Part. Piel from takālu.

-II E - 46. = - III = - III = - III = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - IIII = - III

$\begin{array}{c|ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc$

$\begin{array}{cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc$

ib - bu - šu 3 aplu ki - e - nu ša called him, the legitimate successor of

m ilu A-šur-da-a-an⁴ 50. — \$\frac{\pm}{\pm} = \frac{\pm}{\pm} \
\text{Asur-d\bar{a}}, \quad \text{who wielded a shin-}

ellite(te) mul - taš - pi - ru 6 te - ni - šit ing sceptre, who ruled the men

¹ ku-un, construct state of kunnu, Inf. Piel from kānu, employed as a substantive. 2 iḥ-ku-ḥu, 3. m. sing. Pret. Ķal from ḥašāḥu. 3 ib-bu-šu, 3. m. sing. Pret. Ķal from nabū, with the 3. m. sing. Pron. suffix. 4 The meaning of the name is "Ašur is judge". 5 na-aš, Part. Ķal, from našū. 6 mul-taš-pi-ru (for muš-taš-pi-ru), Part. Ishtafal from šapāru.

of Bēl, the deeds of whose hands

52. ( | - | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

    $\begin{array}{cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc$

53. $\begin{picture}(20,0) \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put(0,0){\line(1,0){13}} \put$

il - li - $ku^3$ 55. All All All All All All All All All Al

m ilu Nin - ib - apil - E - kur 4 * * * * * * * * * *

da - pi - ni na - mad ilu A - šur mighty king, the darling of Ašur.

^&lt;sup>1 na-dan, Inf. Kal from nadānu.
² i-li-bu, 3. m. plur. Pret. Kal from tābu.
³ il-li-ku, 3. m. sing. Pret. Kal from alāku.
⁴ The meaning of the name is "Ninib is the son of E-kur".

II. The titles of Sargon II.

[Winekler, Die Keilschrifttexte Sargons, pl. 48.]

1. | E | W | W | E | E | E | E | E | E | E

nišakku ilu A-šur ni - šit īnē II ilu A-nim the priest of Ašur, the darling 2 of Anu

u ilu Bēl šarru dan-nu šar kiššati and Bēl, the mighty king, king of hosts,

** sar mātu Aššur KI šar kib - rat - arba'i(i)

king of Assyria, king of the four quarters

(of the world),

$\begin{array}{cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc$

ki - e - nu ša ilu A - šur ilu Marduk itimate shepherd whom Ašur (and) Marduk

¹ The meaning of the name is "He hath established the king"; ukīn is 3. m. sing. Pret. Piel from kānu. ² Lit. "the raising of the eyes"; see Glossary, sub našū.

$\begin{array}{cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc$

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

3. • | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

na - mur - ra - te ša a - na šum - ķut 4
terror, who for the overthrow

of the enemy $\exists A \Leftrightarrow \langle \exists \exists \exists \exists a \land a \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land bu - u \land$

4. $\underbrace{id}{id} - \underbrace{lu}{kar} - \underbrace{du}{\delta a} \underbrace{sa}{ul} - \underbrace{tu}_{tu}$ the valiant warrior, unto whom from

1 ut-tu-šu, 3. m. plur. Pret. Piel from $at\overline{u}$ , with 3. m. sing. Pron. suffix. 6 u-še-su-u, 3. m. plur. Pret. Shafel from $as\overline{u}$ . 3 ha-lip, Part. Kal from halāpu. 4 šum - kut, Inf. Shafel from makātu. 5 šu-ut-bu-u, 3. m. sing. Perm. Shafel from $tib\overline{u}$ .

u - um be - lu - ti - šu mal - ku gab - ri - šu the (first) day of his dominion a rival prince

la ib - šu-ma¹ mu - ni - ha ša - ni - na there was not and (who)a conqueror (or) adversary

la i - šu - u²

did not have,

$\begin{array}{cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc$

$\begin{array}{cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc$

$\begin{array}{cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc$

$^1$ ib-šu, 3. m. sing. Pret. Ķal from $baš\bar{u}$ . $^2$ i-šu-u, 3. m. sing. Pret. Ķal from $i\bar{s}\bar{u}$ ; the long final vowel is due to the occurrence of the word in a relative clause. $^3$ i-be-lu, 3. m. sing. Pret. Ķal from $b\bar{e}lu$ . $^4$ ul-ta $\bar{s}$ -pi-ru (for $u\bar{s}$ -ta $\bar{s}$ -pi-ru), 3. m. sing. Pret. Shafel from $\bar{s}ap\bar{a}ru$ .

III. The revolt of Tirhakah, king of Egypt, against Ashur-bani-pal.

[Cun. Inscr. West. Asia, Vol. V, pl. 1, Col. I.]

53. $$\downarrow \longrightarrow \qquad \Longrightarrow \qquad \Longleftrightarrow \qquad \Longleftrightarrow \qquad \Longleftrightarrow \qquad \Longleftrightarrow \qquad \Longleftrightarrow \qquad \Longleftrightarrow \qquad \Longleftrightarrow \qquad \Longleftrightarrow \qquad \qquad \Longleftrightarrow \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad$$

* $\sqsubseteq$ $\sqsubseteq$ $\sqsubseteq$ $\sqsubseteq$ $\sqsubseteq$ $\sqsubseteq$ $\sqsubseteq$ $\exists$ $\exists$ $\exists$ $\exists$ $\exists$ $\exists$ $\exists$ $\exists$ $\exists$ $\exists$

55. $\langle \neg \neg \neg \neg \neg \neg \neg \neg \neg \neg \neg \neg \neg \neg \neg \neg \neg \neg$

    $\begin{array}{cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc$

^&lt;sup>1 The meaning of the name is "Ašur hath given a brother"; iddina is 3. m. sing Pret. Kal from nadānu. ² ba-nu-u-a, Part. Kal from banū, with 1. sing. Pron. suffix. ³ See opposite page note 3. ⁴ māt-su for māt-šu; after the preceding t the š becomes s.

56.

ilāni pl rabūti pl bēlē pl - ia im - šithe great gods, my lords, forgot

$ma^1$ it - ta - $kil^2$ a - na e - muk and trusted in his

ra - ma - ni - šu e - li šarrāni pl own strength. Against the kings

58. Em (E + V

    $\begin{array}{c|ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc$

59. If If If If If If If If If If If If If

1 im-si, 3. m. sing. Pret. Kal from mašū. 2 it-ta-kil, 3. m. sing. Pret. Nifal from takālu. 3 u-pa-ki-du, 3. m. sing. Pret. Piel from paķādu.

60. $\Rightarrow \forall \qquad \forall \qquad \forall \qquad \forall \qquad \forall \qquad \forall \qquad \forall \qquad \forall \qquad \forall \qquad \forall$

$$\begin{array}{c|ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc$$

61. $\rightarrow \square$ $\Rightarrow$ $\Rightarrow$ $\Rightarrow$ $\Rightarrow$ $\Rightarrow$ $\Rightarrow$ $\Rightarrow$ $\Rightarrow$ $\Rightarrow$ $\Rightarrow$

$$\begin{array}{cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc$$

$$\begin{array}{cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc$$

¹ da-a-ki, ha-ba-a-te, and e-ki-mu are all Infinitives. 2 See above, p. 149, note 3. 2 e-ru-um-ma for e-ru-ub-ma; e-ru-ub, 3. m. sing. Pret. Ķal from erēbu. 4 u-šib, 3. m. sing. Pret. Ķal from ašābu. 5 u-tir-ru, 3. m. sing. Pret. Piel from tāru; the doubled r indicates that the preceding vowel (i) is long, see above p. 59.

62. EX EX FI III WA - WE - VI EIV

al - la - ku ha - an - tu ina ki - rib

A swift messenger into

Nineveh came and in-

an - na - a¹ ia - a - ti eli ip - še - e - ti
formed me concerning these

an - na - a - ti lib - bi i - gu - ugmatters. My heart was wroth

E t t t t t t t t t t

65. E (I E YYY = E I F III = F A A Sur I raised my hands, I prayed unto Asur

1 u-ša-an-na-a, 3. m. sing. Pret. Piel from šanū. 2 i-gu-ug, 3. m. sing. Pret. Ķal from agāgu. 3 iṣ-ṣa-ru-uḥ, 3. m. sing. Pret. Nifal from ṣarāḥu. 4 aṣ-ši, 1. sing. Pret. Ķal from našū. 5 u-sal-li, 1. sing. Pret. Piel from [salū].

Ethiopia in ki - rib ki - rib ki - math Me - m - piEthiopia in Memphis

^&lt;sup>1 ad-ki-e, 1. sing. Pret. Kal from dikū. ² u-mal-lu-u, 3. m. plur. Pret. Piel from malū. ³ uš-te-eš-še-ra, 1. sing. Pret. Ishtafal from ešēru; for the explanation of the final vowel a, see above, p. 141.

79. If E G E G G G G G G G G G G

If $\longrightarrow$ | || || || || || || || || || || || ||

taḥāza ina maḥ - ri - ia id - ka - a⁴
battle against me he summoned

amēlu ṣābē pl taḥāzi - šu ina tukulti(ti)
his fighting men.

With the might

$\begin{array}{cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc$

$\begin{array}{cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc$

¹ a-lak, Inf. Kal from alāku. ² iš-me-e-ma, 3. m. sing. Pret. Kal. from šemū, with the copula ma. ³ e-piš, Inf Kal from epēšu. ⁴ id-ka-a, 3. m. sing. Pret. Kal from dikū. ⁵ a-likut, m. plur. Part. Kal from alāku.

ina taḥāzi ṣīri rap - ši aš - ku - na¹\nin the battle on the broad plain I accomplished

abikti ummānāti pl-šu m Tar - ķu - u ina the overthrow of his forces. Tirhakah in

$\begin{array}{cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc$

tah - te - e ummānāti pl-šu nam - ri - ri the defeat of his forces. The glory

$\begin{array}{c|ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc$

$\begin{array}{c|ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc$

85. |- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

¹ a^g-ku-na, 1. sing. Pret. Kal from šakānu.
² i^g-ma-a, 3.
m. sing. Pret. Kal. from šemū.
³ is-hu-pu-su, 3. m. sing.
Pret. Kal from sahāpu, with 3. m. sing. Pron. suffix.
⁴ See above, p. 149, note 3, and p. 155, l. 59.

THE S6. FINE HILLS WE ARE THE THE THE THE THE THE THE THE THE TH

in - ni² ilāni pl su-ut šamē irṣiti
me the gods of heaven (and)earth.

87. • III - AH - III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A III = H - A I

a - na $\tilde{s}u$ - zu - $ub^4$ napištim(tim)- $\tilde{s}u$ into save his life he

$\begin{array}{c|ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc$

1 ik-tu-mu-šu, 3. m. sing. Pret. Ķal from katāmu, with 3. m. sing. Pron. suffix. 2 u-za-'-i-nu-in-ni, 3. m. plur. Pret. Piel from [za'ānu], with 1. sing. Pron. suffix. 3 u-maš-šir, 3. m. sing. Pret. Piel from [mašāru]. 4 šu-zu-ub, Inf. Shafel from ezēbu. 5 in-na-bit, 3. m. sing. Pret. Nifal from abātu. 6 aṣ-bat, 1. sing. Pret. Ķal from ṣabātu.

• 58. ša e-li-ka ta-a-bu
• 59. tu-uš-te-eš-še-ir šu-um-šu
• 60. ha-ra-na i-šir-tu ta-pa-ķid-su
• 61. a-na-ku ru-bu-u ma-gi-ra-ka
• 62. bi-nu-ti ga-ti-ka
• 63. at-ta ta-ba-na-an-ni-ma
• 64. šar-ru-ti ki-iš-ša-at ni-ši
• 65. ta-ki-pa-an-ni
• 66. ki-ma du-um-ku-ka be-lu
• 67. ša tu-uš-te-ib-bi-ru
• 68. gi-mi-ir-šu-un
• 69. be-lu-ut-ka sir-ti šu-ri-'-im-am-ma
• 58. As it appeareth good unto thee,
• 59. Hast thou directed his name aright!
• 60. A straight path dost thou grant unto him!
• 61. I am the prince who obeyeth thee,
• 62. The creation of thy hand.
• 63. Thou art my creator,
• 64. And the sovereignty over the hosts of men
• 65. Hast thou entrusted unto me.
• 66. According to thy mercy, O lord,
• 67. Which thou hast extended over
• 68. All of them,
• 69. Incline unto compassion thine exalted power and

Pret. Ishtafal from ebēru. ⁹ šu-ri-'-im-am-ma, 2. m. sing. Imperative Piel-Shafel from rāmu, with the copula ma.

• 70. 学 国业 学 主 国 之 下 四
• 71. 月啶削削 岸州 削閘
• 72. 四日今日。 三个日十日 三
• VI. The finding of the Foundation-stone of Narām-Sin by Nabonidus.

[Cun. Inscr. West. Asia, Vol. V, pl. 64, Col. II, l. 47—Col. III, l. 10.]

• 47. (1) 十 4 医
• 49. 平了了四个时间,一个一个一个一个一个一个一个一个一个一个一个一个一个一个一个一个一个一个一个
• 50. 公丁一门里 田门门 門下二
• 21. 亚红山。西镇-东北 太上 三三二 21. 四三十八十十分,三二十十分。三二十二十十分。三二十二十二十二十二十二十二十二十二十二十二十二十二十二十二十二十二十二十二十

  $^{^1}$ &u-ub-&a-a, 2. m. sing. Imperative Shafel from ba&u. $^2$ &u-ur-&am-ma, 2. m. sing. Imperative Kal from &a-a&u, with enclitic particle ma. $^3$ $b\bar{u}t-su$ , i. e. $b\bar{u}t-\&u$ . $^4$ The meaning of the name is, "Nabū, protect the boundary!"; u&ur, 2. m. sing.

• 70. pu-lu-uh-ti i-lu-ti-ka
• 71. šu-ub-ša-a i-na libbi-ia
• 72. šu-ur-ķam-ma ša eli-ka ṭa-a-bu
• 70. The fear of thy god-head
• 71. Set within my heart.
• 72. Grant (unto me) that which may seem good unto thee.

Col. II.

• 47. a-na ilu Šamaš da-ai-nu ša šamē(e) u irṣitim(tim)
• 48. E-babbar-ra bīt-su ša ki-rib Sippar KI
• 49. ša m ilu Nabū-kudurri-uṣur šarru maḥ-ri i-pušu-ma
• 50. te-me-en-šu la-bi-ri u-ba-'-u la i-mu-ru
• 51. bītu šu-a-tim i-pu-uš-ma i-na 45 šanāti pl

Col. II.

• 47. For Šamaš, the judge of heaven and earth,
• 48. E-babbara, his temple that is in Sippar,
• 49. Which Nebuchadnezzar, a former king had built and
• 50. Had sought for its ancient foundation-stone but had not found (it),
• 51. That temple he had built, and in the course of forty-five years

Imperative from naṣāru. ⁵ i-pu-šu, 3. m. sing. Pret. Ķal from epēšu. ⁶ u-ba-'-u, 3. m. sing. Pret. Piel from [bā'u]. ⁷ i-mu-ru, 3. m. sing. Pret. Ķal from amāru. ⁸ i-pu-uš, see above, note 5.

• 25/11年,不可到一年,一个一年,一个人工工工工工工工工工工工工工工工工工工工工工工工工工工工工工工工工工工工工
• 53. 一十十二十十二十二十二十二十二十二十二十二十二十二十二十二十二十二十二十二十二
• 54. 计计十十十十十二十二十二十二十二十二十二十二十二十二十二十二十二十二十二十二十
• 55. 三三十分,1年11日 平分二十分,11日 平分二十四十二日 三二十分,11日 三十分,11日 三十四十二日 11日 11日 11日 11日 11日 11日 11日 11日 11日 1
• 57. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
• 28. 加工工工工工工工工工工工工工工工工工工工工工工工工工工工工工工工工工工工工

¹ i-ku-pu, 3. m. sing. Pret. Kal from kāpu, 2 ak-ku-ud, 1. sing. Pret. Kal. from nakādu. 3 aš-hu-ut, 1. sing. Pret. Kal. from šahātu. 4 ar-še-e-ma, 1. sing. Pret. Kal from rašū, with the copula ma. 5 dul-lu-hu, 3. m. sing. Perm. Piel from dalāhu. 6 u-še-su-u, 1. sing. Pret. Shafel from asū. 7 u-še-ši-bu, 1. sing. Pret. Shafel from ašābu. 8 ad-ki-e-ma, 1. sing. Pret. Kal from

• 52. ša bītu šu-a-tim i-ķu-pu i-ga-ru-šu ak-ku-ud ašķu-ut
• 53. na-kut-ti ar-še-e-ma dul-lu-ḫu pa-nu-u-a
• 54. a-di ilu Šamaš ul-tu ki-ir-bi-šu u-še-ṣu-u
• 55. u-še-ši-bu i-na bīti ša-nim-ma bīti šu-a-tim adki-e-ma
• 56. te-me-en-šu la-bi-ri u-ba-³-ma 18 ammati ga-ga-ri
• 57. u-šap-pi-il-ma te-me-en-na ^m Na-ram- ^ilu Sin mār ^m Šarru-ukīn
• 58. ša 3200 šanāti pl ma-na-ma šarru a-lik maḥ-riia la i-mu-ru
• 52. The wall of that temple had fallen in ruins. I was anxious, I was afraid,
• 53. I was distressed and my countenance was troubled.
• 54. Whilst I brought Šamaš forth from the midst of it
• 55. And caused him to dwell in another temple, that temple I pulled down and
• 56. I sought for its old foundation-stone and eighteen ells of soil
• 57. I dug down and the foundation-stone of Narām-Sin, the son of Sargon,
• 58. Which for three thousand two hundred years no king who had gone before me had seen,

dakū, with the copula ma. ⁹ u-ba-'-ma, 1. sing. Pret. Piel from [bā'u]. ¹⁰ ga-ga-ri, i. e. kakkari. ¹¹ u-šap-pi-il, 1. sing. Pret. Piel from šapālu. ¹² The meaning of the name is "Darling of Sin (the Moon-god)". ¹³ The meaning of the name is "He hath established the king"; ukīn, 3. m. sing. Pret. Piel from kānu. ¹⁴ a-lik, sing. Part. Ķal from alāku. ¹⁵ i-mu-ru, see above, p. 195, note 7.

• 59.十十十八 即三川 三川 1 三川 1 三川 1 三川 1 三川 1 三川 1 三川 1
• 60. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
• 61. 到 年 4 (下国 十 4 4)
• 65. 再产工企业企业企业企业企业企业企业企业企业企业企业企业企业企业企业企业企业企业企业
• 64. 三十二十二十二十二十二十二十二十二十二十二十二十二十二十二十二十二十二十二十二

^&lt;sup>1 tu-ub, construct state of tubbu, Inf. Piel from tābu, employed as a substantive. ² u-kal-lim-an-ni, 3. m. sing. Pret.

• 59. ilu Šamaš bēlu rabū(u) E-babbar-ra bīt šu-bat tu-ub libbi-šu
• 60. u-kal-lim-an-ni ia-a-ši . . . ina arhi šal-mu i-na ūmi šēmī
• 61. ša i-na bi-ri u-ad-du-ni ilu Šamaš u ilu Rammānu
• 62. i-na kaspi hurāṣi abni ni-sik-ti šu-ku-ru-tu hibiš-ti iṣu kišti
• 63. riķķē pl isu erini i-na hi-da-a-ti u ri-ša-a-ti
• 64. e-li te-me-en-na m Na-ra-am- ilu Sin mār m Sarruukīn
• 65. ubān la a-ṣi-e ubān la e-ri-bi u-kin lib-na-[at-su]
• 59. Šamaš, the great lord of E-babbara, the temple in which it delights his heart to dwell,
• 60. Showed to me . . . In a fitting month, upon a favourable day,
• 61. Which Šamaš and Rammān had appointed in a vision,
• 62. With silver and gold and precious stones of great price, and products of the forest,
• 63. And beams of cedar, with joy and gladness
• 64. Upon the foundation-stone of Narām-Sin, the son of Sargon,
• 65. Neither an inch to the front nor an inch to the back I laid its brick-work.

Piel from [kalāmu], with 1. sing. Pron. suffix. 3 u-ad-du-ni, 3. m. plur. Pret. Piel from adū. 4 a-si-e, Inf. Ķal from asū. 5 e-ri-bi, Inf. Ķal from erēbu. 6 u-kin. 1. sing. Pret. Piel from kānu. 7 lib-na-at-su, i. e. libnāt-šu.

Col. III.

• 1. [ツ(ー] ゴ [ ] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
• 2. [片-[[]] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
• 3. [FE | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
• 4.[=||||| 本|| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 5. [三] ((((()))) 三) (三) (三) (三) (三) (三) (三) (三
• 6. [川下下下。十] 今一川 南國 下
• 1.[四十四] 四京 全国 第二四十四] 1.

u-šat-ri-iş, see above, p. 167, note 1.
u-ra-at-ti, 1. sing.
Pret. Piel from ritū.
e-pu-uš, 1. sing. Pret. Ķal from epēšu.

Col. III.

• 1. [5000] ișu erini dan-nu-tu a-na șu-lu-li-šu u-šatri-iș
• 2. [iṣu dalāti] pl iṣu erini ṣi-ra-a-ti as-kup-pu u nuku-še-e
• 3. [i-na] bābāni pl-šu u-ra-at-ti
• 4. [E-babbar]-ra a-di E-i-lu-an-azag-ga ziķ-ķur-rati-šu
• 5. [e-eš-ši]-iš e-pu-uš-ma u-šak-lil ši-bi-ir-šu
• 6. [ga-tim ilu] Šamaš bēli-ia aṣ-bat-ma i-na ḫi-da-a-ti u ri-ša-a-ti
• 7. [šu-ba-at] ţu-ub lib-bi ki-ir-ba-šu u-še-ši-ib

Col. III.

• 1. Five thousand mighty cedars I spread for its roof,
• 2. High doors of cedar, and thresholds and pivots
• 3. Within its door-ways I set.
• 4. E-babbara together with E-ilu-an-azagga, its temple-tower,
• 5. Anew I built and I completed its design.
• 6. The hand of Šamaš my lord I took and with joy and gladness
• 7. I caused him to take up his habitation within the dwelling that delighteth his heart.

^&lt;sup>4 u-šak-lil, 1. sing. Pret. Shafel from [kalālu]. ⁵ ši-bi-ir-šu, i. e. šipir-šu. ⁶ ga-tim, i. e. ķa-tim. ⁷ aṣ-bat, 1. sing. Pret. Ķal from ṣabātu. ⁸ u-še-ši-ib see above, p. 161, note 2.

• 8. [全耳神里 四江三年 1] 8. [全耳神里 1] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4 [四十八] 4
• 9.[上] 三阿匈匈·山山。 9.[上] 三阿匈匈马·
• 回世 三三三四州 (五) (四) (四) (四) (四) (四) (四) (四) (四) (四) (四

^&lt;sup>1 a-mu-ur, 1. sing. Pret. Ķal from amāru.
² u-nak-ki-ir, 1. sing. Pret. Piel from nakāru.
³ ap-šu-uš, 1. sing. Pret. Ķal from pašāšu.
⁴ ak-ki, 1. sing. Pret. Ķal from nakū.
⁵ aš-

• 8. [ši-ṭi-ir šu]-um ša m Na-ra-am- ilu Sin mār m Šarru-ukīn a-mu-ur-ma
• 9. [la u-nak-ki-ir šamni] ap-šu-uš immeru niķē ak-ki
• 10. it-[ti mu-šar]-ri-e-a aš-ku-un-ma u-te-ir aš-ru-uš-šu
      • S. The inscription of the name of Narām-Sin, the son of Sargon, I beheld and
      • 9. I did not alter (it). I anointed it with oil, I made offerings,
• 10. Beside my own inscription I set it and I restored it to its place.

ku-un, 1. sing. Pret. Ķal from šakānu. 6 u-te-ir, 1. sing. Pret. Piel from tāru.

GLOSSARY.

A

abu, plur. abē, "father".

abālu, Pret. ūbil, ubla, "to bring; to carry away; to press on to". Ifteal, "to rule", Part. muttabbilu, "officer, official".

biltu, "burden".

abnu, constr. st. aban, plur. abnē "stone".

abātu, "to destroy". Nifal, Pret. innabit, "to fly".

agāgu, Pret. igug, "to be angry".

agurru, "brick-work".

adi, "up to, to, until; together with; whilst".

adū, "to fix, ordain". Piel, Pret. uaddi, "to fix, appoint". aḥamiš, adv. "together, with one another"; rīṣūt aḥamiš, "one another's help".

alu, plur. alāni, "city".

alādu, Part. ālidu, "to beget". alṭu, "hostile, arrogant"; see ašṭu.

alāku, Pret. illik, 1 sing. allik, alik, Part. āliku, m. plur. ālikūti, "to go, to come, to march, to advance"; with accusative, "to attain to". Ifteal, Pret. ittálak, "to go, to walk".

allaku, "messenger".

ilkakāti (plur.), "ways, loings, acts".

alpu, plur. alpē, "ox"; in plur. "cattle".

ammatu, "ell".

amāru, Pret. īmur, "to see, to behold, to find".

ana, prep. "to, for".

anhūtu, "ruin, injury"

anāku, pers. pron. "I".

annū, f. plur. annāti, "this".
askuppu, aškuppu, "threshold".

asāmu, "to be adorned".

simtu, "ornament, splendour".

asītu, "pile"

[apū], "to shine forth". Shafel, Pret. ušāpā, "to make beautiful, to make glorious, to glorify".

aplu, constr. st. apil, "son"; apil apli, "grandson".

aṣū, "to go out". Sbafel, Pret. ušēṣi, ušēṣū, ušēṣū, ušēṣā, "to cause to go forth, to bring out". ṣātu, "eternity"; ana ṣāti, "for all time".

ṣītu, "going forth"; ṣīt Šamši, "sun-rise".

aķāru, "to be precious".

aķru, f. aķartu, "precious" šūķuru, m. plur. šūkurūti precious, costly".

'āru, āru, Pres. i'ar, i-'-ru,
"to set out; to reach".

arū, Pret. ārā, "to bring, to carry off". Ifteal, Pret. ittarri, "to bring".

arba'u, f. irbitti, "four".

[arāku], "to be behind".
arka, "afterwards".

arki, prep. "after".

ašābu, Pret. ūšib, "to sit, to seat oneself, to settle oneself, to dwell". Shafel, Pret. ušēšib, "to cause to dwell, to settle, to set, to station".

šubtu, constr. st. šubat, 'dwelling, abode''.

aštu, altu, m. plur. altūti, "hostile, arrogant".

aškuppu, "tbreshold"; see askuppu.

ašru, const. st. ašar, "place".

atū, "to see". Piel, 3. plur. Pret. uttū, "to choose".

utūtu, "choice, election".
atta, pers. pron. "thou".

Ε

ebēru, "to go over, to cross".

Ishtafal, Pret. uštēbir, "to extend over (trans.)".

edēšu, "to bc new". Piel, Prct. uddiš, "to rcnew, to rcpair". eššiš. adv. "anew"

eššūtu, "ncwness"; ana eššūti, "anew".

ediš, adv. "alonc"

ezēbu, Pret. ēzib, "to leave, to desert". Shafel, Inf. šūzubu, "to save (life)".

ețēru, Pret. ēţir, "to save".

ekallu, plur. ekallāti, "palace".

ekēmu, Pret. ēkim, "to capture, to seize, to take from".

$el\bar{u}$ , Prct. eli, "to be high; to climb up".

en, prep. "unto, against, concerning, over, beside, in addition to, more than".

ellu, f. ellitu, "bright, shining". ema, "within".

emēdu, Pret. ēmid, "to stand; to impose upon".

emūķu, "strenght, might"; plur. emūķē, "might, forces".

ēnu, "stream, spring"; rēš ēni, "source (of a river)".

epēšu, Pret. ēpuš, īpuš, "to make, to build". Ifteal, Pret. iteppuš, "to make, to build".

epištu, ipištu, plur. ipšēti, "deed, matter".

erēbu, Prct. ērub, "to enter, to go in"; erēb (Inf.) Šamši, "sun-set". Shafel, Pret.ušērib, "to cause to enter".

erēbu, Pret. ērib, "to increase". erinu, "cedar".

[ešēru], "to be straight". Ishtafal, Pret. uštēšir, "to direct aright, to direct (the way)". išaru, f. iširtu, "straight". eššiš, "anew"; see edēšu. eššūtu, "newness"; see edēšu.

etēķu, "to go, to traverse". Ifteal, Pret. etetiķ, "to march". mētiķu, "passage, passing".

ı

iāši, iāti, pers. pron. "me".
igāru, "wall".
idu plur. idē, idā, "side".
idlu, "man, warrior".
izzu, f. izzitu, m. plur. izzūti "terrible".

ilūtu, "godhead, diviuity".\nilkakāti (plur.), "acts"; see
alāku.

immeru, "sheep".
ina, prep. "in, by, through".
īnu, plur. īnē, īnā, "eye".
ipištu, "deed, matter"; see epēšu.

işşuru, "bird". irşitu, "earth".

$i\check{s}\widetilde{u}$ , Pret. $\hat{\imath}\check{s}i$ , "to have, to possess".

išdu, c. st. išid, "foundation". išaru, "straight"; sce [ešēru]. ištu, prep. "from"; conj. "since". itti, prep. "with, beside".

U

u, copula, "and".
ubānu, "finger; inch".
udīnu, "vulture".
ul, negative particle, "not".
ullū, m. plur. ullūti, "distant, of old".

ullānu, "distance, absence", employed as prep. "without, without the help of".

ultu, prep. "from".

umu, plur. umē, "day"; ina\numēšuma, "at that time".

ummānu, plur. ummānāti, "people, troops".

ummānu, plur. ummānē, "craftsman".

unūtu, "furniture, vessels".\nurnintu, "victory".

B

[bā'u], Piel, Pret. uba', uba'u "to seek".

ba'ultu, ba'ltu, plur. ba'ulātu, ba'lāti, "realm, dominion".

bābu, plur. bābāni, "gate, door".
bibiltu, constr. st. biblat, "impulse, desire".

bēlu, Pret. ibēl, "to conquer"

bēlu, plur. bēlē, "lord".

bēlūtu, "lordship, domi-

balāţu, "life".biltu, "burden"; see abālu.banū, Pret. ibni, Pres. ibani, "to ereate, to beget"; Part

"to ereate, to beget"; Part $b\bar{a}n\bar{u}$ , "begetter".

binūtu, "ereation, ereature",

banu, "bright".
baru, "to see".

bīru, "sight, vision".

bīrtu, eonst. st. bīrit,
"midst"; ina bīrit, "between,
within".

tabrītu, plur. tabrāti, "sight wonder, astonishment".

bašū, Pret. ibši, Perm. baši, "to be". Shafel, Imper. šubšā, "to eause to be, to set".

bušū, "property, possessions".

bītu, "house, temple"; bīt dūrāni, "fortress".

G

gabšu, "stout, mighty".
gammalu, plur. gammalē, "eamel".
gimru, constr. st. gimir, "all

[gāru], Ifteal, Pret. igdūr, "to escape".

girru, plur. girrē, "road; expedition".

D

daianu, dānu, "judge". dāku, Pret. idūk, "to slay". dīktu, "a slain host, the slain".

tidūku, "battle"; sābē tidūki, "fighting men".

dakū, Pret. idki, "to destroy, to pull down".

dikū, Pret. idki, idkā, "to summon, to colleet".

tress". Piel "to distress"

Perm. dulluhu, "distressed".

dalālu, Pret. idlul, "to bow

daltu, plur. dalāti, "door". dāmu, plur. dāmē, "blood". dumku, "merey".

danānu, "to be strong". Piel, Pret. udannin, "to strengthen".

danānu, "might".

dannu, m. plur. dannūti,
"strong, powerful, fortified".
danniš,adv. "exceedingly".
dannatu, "stronghold".
dannūtu, "strenght"; al
dannūti, "fortified eity".
dapinu, "strong, mighty".

Z

[za'ānu], Piel, Pret. uza'in, to endow with''. zību, plur. zībē, "offering''. zakāru, Pret. izkur, "to eall, to name".

zikru, eonstr. st. zikir. "name, mention".

zikaru, "man, hero". zammeru, plur. zammerē, "malo

zammertu, plur.zammerēti, "female musician".

zanānu, "to rain". Shafel, Pret. ušaznin, "to cause to rain". ziķpu, constr. st. ziķip, "point of a dagger".

zaķāru, "to be high". Piel, Pret. uzaķķir, "to make high, to build high".

ziķķurratu, "temple-tower".

H

hibištu, "product".
habātu, "to plunder".
hubtu, "booty".
hadū, "to rejoice".
hadiš, adv. "joyfully".
hidūtu, plur. hidūti, "joy".
hāţu, Pret. ihūt, "to conquer
to overcome".

hattu, "sceptre".

balāpu, "to be clothed with,
to be girt with".

taḥluptu, "covering".
ḥamṭu, ḥanṭu, "swift".
ḥipū, Pret. iḥpi, "to destroy".
ḥarānu, ḥarrānu, "road, way.
path".

ḫiriṣu, plur. ḫiriṣē, "trench". ḫurāṣu, "gold".

huršu, "mountain".

huršaniš, hursaniš, "like mountain".

ḫašāḫu, Pret. iḫšuḫ, "to desire".

T

tābu, Pret. iṭīb, "to be good, well-pleasing". Piel, Inf. ṭub-bu, "delight"; ṭub libbi, "delight of the heart".

tābu, "good, kindly".taḥū, Pret. itḥi, "to approach, to come to, to penetrate".

K

kibratu, plur. kibrāti, "region, quarter, the world"; kibrāt arba'i, "the four quarters". kabittu, "mind, spirit".

kabtu, f. kabittu, "heavy".

kudurru, "boundary, land-mark".

kakku, plur. kakkē, "arm, weapon".

kalū, "all".

kališ, adv. "altogether".[kalālu], Shafel, Pret. ušaklil,"to complete".

[kalāmu], Piel, Pret. ukallim, "to show to".

kīma, "like, according to"

kānu, "to be firm". Piel, Pret. ukīn, "to establish, to set, to impose, to lay"; Inf. kunnu, "firmness", kun libbi-šu, lit. "the firmness of his heart", i. e. "his unchanging heart".

kīnu, kēnu, "true, legitimate".

kīniš, adv. "truly, righteously".

kanāšu, "to bow down (intrans.)". Shafel, Part. mušaknišu, mušiknišu, "to bow down (trans.), to bring to subjection".

kussū, "throne".

kaspu, "silver".

kīpu, plur. kīpāni, "governor". kupru, "bitumen".

kaṣāru, Pret. ikṣur, "to prepare for (battle)".

kirbu, eonstr. st. kirib, "midst"; kirib, "in, within"; ina kirib, ina kirbi, "therein, thereon". karāšu, "eamp".

kašādu, Pret. ikšud, "to eonquer, to eapture".

kiššatu, "multitude, hosts". kištu, "forest".

katāmu, Pret. iktum, "to eover".

L

Iā, negative particle, "not".libbu, "heart, midst"; libbi, ince libbi, "within"; lib-bu-uš-šu "within it".

liblibbu, "deseendant".

laberūtu, "old age".
libittu, plur. libnāti, "briek".
lamū, Pret. ilme, "to surround,
to besiege".

limētu, "enelosure, region, neighbourhood".

lānu, "image, appearance".

M

ma, enclitic particle, "and", appended to the first of two verbs.

ma, enelitic particle of emphasis.

magāru, "to comply with, to gratify"; Part. māgiru, "obedient".

migru, eonstr. st. migir. "darling".

mādu, ma'adu, f. ma-'-tu, m. plur. mādūti, "much, many, numerous".

madatu, madattu, "tribute"; see nadānu.

maḥāṣu, "to slay". Ifteal, Pret. indaḥḥiṣ, "to fight"; Part. plur. mundaḥḥiṣē, "warriors".

maḥāru, "to eorrespond to; to oppose; to be first".

maḥru, eonstr. st. maḥar, "front"; maḥri, "before"; ina maḥri, "against".

maḥrū, f. maḥrītu, "former, first".

tamḥaru, "battle".

makkūru, "property, possessions".

malū, "to fill; to be full". Piel, Pret. umalli, "to fill".

mala, "as many as".

malku, "prince".

mamma, "anyone"; with nega-

mimma, "any, whatever, all";
mimma (or mim) šum-šu,\neverything with a name", i.\ne. "which exists", "anything whatsoever, of every
kind".

manu, Pret. imnu, "to count, to reekon".

manū, generally written ma-na, "manch".

minū, interrogative pronoun, "what?".

manama, "any"; with negative, "no".

miṣru, const. st. miṣir, "border, boundary".

maṣartu, plur.maṣarāti, "watch, garrison".

maķātu, "to fall". Shafel, Pret. ušamķit, Inf. šumķutu, "to overthrow".

māru, "son".

māru "to send".

tamartu, "present, tribute".

marāṣu, Perm. mariṣ, "to be steep".

marşu, m. plur. marşūti, "steep".

maršītu, flock (of sheep)''; see rašū.

mašū, Pret. imši, "to forget".
[mašāru], Piel, Pret. umaššir,
to leave, to desert".

mušarū, "inscription".

mātu, plur. mātāti, "land".

mētiķu, "passage, passing"; see etēķu.

N

nabū, Pret. ibbi, Pres. inambi "to call".

nību, "number".

nabālu, Pret. ibbul, "to overthrow, to destroy".

nādu, "to exalt".

nā'idu, nādu, "exalted high".

tanattu, plur. tanādātu, "exaltation, glory".

nadānu, Pret. iddin, "to give, to present".

madattu, madatu, "tribute".

nazāzu, "to stand". Shafel, Pret. ušeziz, "to set up".

nakādu, Pret. ikkud, "to be anxious".

nakuttu, "anxiety, distress".

nakāmu, "to store". Piel, Pret. unakkim, "to heap up".

nakāru, "to be different; to be hostile". Piel, Pret. unakkir, "to alter".

nakiru, "enemy".

nakru, plur. nakrūti, "foe enemy".

nakru, f. plur. nakrāti, "hostile".

nukušū, plur. nukušē, "pivot (of a door)".

namaddu, eonstr. st. namad "darling".

namriru, "glory".

namurratu, "terror".

[namāšu], Ifteal, Pret. ittumuš, "to depart".

nasāķu, "to extol".

nisķu, constr. st. nisiķ, "costliness"; nisiķ abni, "precious stones".

nisiktu, "costliness"; abni nisikti, "precious stones".

napāsu, "crimson wool".

napištu, with pron. suffixes napšat, plur. napšāti, "life". naṣāru, Imper. uṣur, "to protect".

nișirtu, "treasure"; bīt nișirti, "treasure-house".

naķū, Pret. iķķi, "to offer (offerings)".

niķū, plur. niķē, "offering". naķāru, Pret. iķķur, iķur, "to destroy".

nīru, "yoke".

narbūtu, "might"; see rabū. narkabtu, "chariot"; see rakābu.

narāmu, "darling"; sec rāmu.
našū, Pret. išši, Imper. iši,
Part. nāšū, constr. st. nāš,
"to bear, to raise, to wield
(a sceptre)".

nīšu, "raising"; nīš īni, lit. "the raising of the eye", then "that on which one gazes with pleasure, that which is dear to one".

nišītu, "raising"; nišīt īnē, lit. "the raising of the eyes", i. e. "darling", see above, nīšu. nišu, "people, men". nišakku, "governor". našāķu, "to kiss". Piel, Pret. unaššik, "to kiss".

S

Pret. usal/hip, "to cast down".
sihirtu, "circuit; whole".
[salū], Piel, Pret. usalli, usallā,
Inf. sullū, "to pray to, to
beseech".\nsimtu. "splendour": see asāmu.

simtu, "splendour"; see asāmu. sisū, plur. sisē, "horse". siparru, "copper", or "bronze".

P

pāṭu, "boundary"; pāṭ gimri,
"the whole, all".
paṭru, "dagger".
palū, "reign, year of reign".
puluḥtu, "fear".
pānu, "face, countenance";
pāni, "before"; āmē pāni,
"days of old".

pānama, adv. "formerly".

paķādu, Pret. ipķid, Pres.
\nipaķid, "to entrust to, to
grantto". Piel, Pret. upaķķid,
"to install, to appoint".

parū, plur. parē, "mule".

parzillu, "iron".

parāru, "to destroy". Piel, Pret.

[parāšu], Ittafal, Part. muttaprišu, "to fly".

[paršadu], Nifal, Pret. ipparšid, "to fly, to escape".

pašķu, m. plur. pašķūti, "difficult".

pašāšu, Pret. ipšuš, "to anoint".

pitu, Pret. ipti, "to open".

pūtu, "front"; ina pūt, "over against, opposite".

pitķu, constr. st. pitiķ, "product, building, construction".

S

ṣābu, plur. ṣābē, "man, warrior"; ṣābē taḥāzi, "men of the battle, warriors".

ṣabātu, Pret. işbat, "to take,
to grasp, to seize, to occupy".
ṣiḥru, m. plur. ṣiḥrūti, "small".
[ṣalālu], "to overshadow".

\$alūlu, "protection".

sululu, "covering, roof".
almu, constr. st. şalam,
"image"

sumbu, plur. şumbē, "waggon".\nsimittu, constr. st. şimdat,
"team".

ṣēnu, plur. ṣēnē, "sheep".

ṣēru, ṣīru, "plain".

şīru, f. şīrtu, f. plur. şīrāti,
"high", exalted, supremc".

ṣīr, "upon, against"; ṣiru-uš-šu, "upon him".

ṣarāḥu, "to cry aloud"; Nifal, Pret. iṣṣaruḥ, "to be stirred, to be excited". ṣarāpu, Pret. iṣrup, "to dye", ṣātu, "eternity"; see aṣū. ṣītu, "going forth"; see aṣū.

Ķ

kablu, constr. st. kabal, "midst; battle"; kabal kakkē, "war". kinnu, "nest".

kāpu, Pret. iķīp, "to entrust to".

$k\bar{a}pu$ , Pret. $ik\bar{u}p$ , "to fall in ruins".

kakkadu, plur. $kakkad\bar{e}$ , "head".

kakkaru, "soil".

karābu, "to draw near". Ifteal, Pret. iķţirib, "to go against, to attack"; Inf. kitrubu, "onslaught".

[karādu], "to be strong".

ķardu, "valiant".

karradu, "warrior"

kurādu, "strong"; plur. kurādē, "warriors, mighty men".

kurdu, might, power; mass, hoard".

karānu, "to heap up". Piel,
Pret. ugarrin (for ukarrin),
"to pile, to heap up".

ķātu, plur. ķātē, ķātā, "hand".

R

rē'u, "to shepherd". Ifteal, Part. murtē'u, "to shepherd, to rule". rē'ū, "shepherd".
rē'ūtu, "shepherding".

rabū, f. rabītu, m. plur rabūti, f. plur. rabāti, "great''
rabiš, "greatly, gloriously''
rubū, "prinee''.
narbūtu, "might''.

narbūtu, "might". šurbū, "great".

tarbītu, "one who is reared".

[radu], Piel, Pret. uraddi, "to add".

rihistu, rihiltu, "deluge".

narkabtu, plur. narkabāti, 'ehariot''.

rakāsu, "to bind". Piel, Pret. urakkis, "to make stringent".

rikistu, plur. riksāti, "de-

rāmu, Pret. irām, irīm; Pres. irām, "to love". Piel-Shafel, Imper. šu-ri-'-im, "to make merciful, to incline to compassion".

rēmu, "merey".

narāmu, "darling".

ramū, Pret. irmi, "to east; to set up (an abode)".

ramānu, "self"

raṣāpu, Pret. irṣip, "to place, together, to collect".

rēsu, rīsu, plur. rēsē, "helper".
rīsūtu, "help".

riķķu, plur. riķķē, "beam (of sweet-smelling wood)".

rašū, Pret. irši, "to have, to take"; rēmu rašū, "to have mercy upon, to pity"; nakuttu rašū, "to have anxiety, to be distressed".

maršītu, "possession; flock (of sheep)".

rēšu, "head, beginning"

rēštu, plur. rēsēti, "highest point, greatest deed".

[rašādu], Shafel, Pret. ušaršid, "to found, to lay (a foundation)".

rišātu, "joy, gladness".

ritū, "to fix, to establish".

Ifteal, Pret. ertéli, "to set, to fix". Piel, Pret. uratti, "to set, to fix".

rapšu, f. rapaštu, "broad".

š

ša, relative pronoun, "who, whom, which"; genitive partiele, "of".

$\mathbf{\tilde{s}}\mathbf{\tilde{u}}$ , pers. pron. "he".

šuātu, šātu, m. plur. šātunu, "that".

šēbūtu, "grey hair, old age". šubtu, "dwelling"; see ašābu. šadū, plur. šadē, "mountain". šēdu, "peak of a mountain". šahātu, Pret. išhut, "to be auxious to be afraid"

šaṭāru, Pret. išṭur, ilṭur, "to write, to inscribe". Shafel, Pret. ušašṭir, "to cause to be inscribed, to have written". šiţru, constr. st. šiţir, "writing, inscription".

šakānu, Pret. iškun, "to set, to accomplish; Perm. "to be prepared for; to be situated". Ifteal, Pret. ištakan, "to accomplish, to bring about".

šaknu, "ruler, governor". šalālu, Pret. išlul, "to carry off".

šallatu, "booty, spoil". šallatiš, adv. "as spoil". šalāmu, "to be complete".

šalmu, "fitting".

šalmeš, adv. "in safety". šalmu, plur. šalmāti, corpse".

šamū, plur. šamē, "heaven". šemū, Pret. išmi, išmā, "to hear".

šēmū, "favourable".

šumu, "name".

šamnu, "oil".

šīmtu, "lot, fate".

[šanū], "to repeat". Piel, Pret. ušannā, "to repeat, to recount, to inform".

$\check{s}an\overline{u}$ , "second, other, another".

šundulu, "costly, sumptuous". šanāti, see šattu.

šēpu, plur. šēpē, šēpā, "foot".
šapālu, "to be deep". Piel, Pret.
ušappil, "to make deep, to dig down".

šapāru, "to send". Ishtafal, Pret. ultašpir, Part. multašpiru, "to rule". šipru, constr. st. šipir, "work, design".

šūķuru, "precious"; see aķāru. šurbū, "great"; see rabū.

šarāņu, "to be mighty". Ifteal, Part.muštarhu, multarhu, plur. multarhē, "mighty".

tašrīḫtu,"mightiness, multitude".

šarāpu, Pret. išrup, "to burn". šarāķu, Pret. išruķ, "to present, to grant to, to supply"; Imper. šuruķ, with the enclitic particle ma, šurķamma. šarru. "king".

šarrūtu, "kingdom, kingship, royalty, sovereignty, majesty".

šurratu, "beginning". šātu, "that"; see šuātu. šut, genitive particle, "of". šattu, plur. šanāti, "year".

Т

tibū, Pret. itbi, "to come, to attack". Shafel, Perm. šutbū, "to cause to attack".

tabāku, Pret. itbuk, "to heap, to heap up".

tabrītu, "wonder"; see barū

tidūku, "battle"; see dāku

tahluptu, "covering"; se

tahtū, "defeat".

takālu, "to be strong; to trust in". Piel. Part. mutakkilu, "to make strong, to give strength". Nifal, Pret. ittakil, "to trust in, to rely upon", followed by prep. ana.

tukultu, "help".

tamāḥu, "to take". Shafel, Pret. ušatmiḥ, "to eause to take, to place in the hand of".

tamharu, "battle"; see mahāru.

temenu, temennu, "foundation-stone".

tamartu, "tribute"; see māru. tamirtu, "neighbourhood". tēnišētu, "men, mankind". tanattu, "glory"; see nādu. tuķuntu, tuķmatu, "opposition, war, battle".

tāru, Pret. itūr, "to turn, to return, (intrans.)". Piel, Pret. utīr, "to return, to restore; to annex".

tarbītu, "one who is reared"; see rabu.

tarāṣu, "to stretch, to extend".

Shafel, Pret. ušatriṣ, "to spread (trans.)".

tarşu, ana tarşi, "against" tašrīḫtu, "multitude"; see šarāḫu.